英语论文网

在经济学中，衰退是一个商业周期收缩，经济活动在一段时间内普遍放缓。在经济衰退期间，许多宏观经济指标以类似的方式变化。生产总值（GDP），就业，投资支出，产能利用率，家庭收入，商业利润和通货膨胀都在衰退期间下降，而破产和失业率上升。
人们普遍认为衰退是由消费普遍下降引起的。政府通常通过扩张性宏观经济政策来应对经济衰退，如增加货币供应量、增加政府支出和减少税收。

WHAT EXACTLY RECESSION IS 到底什么是衰退
In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction, a general slowdown in economic activity over a period of time. During recessions, many macroeconomic indicators vary in a similar way. Production as measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, investment spending, capacity utilization, household incomes, business profits and inflation all fall during recessions; while bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise.

Recessions are generally believed to be caused by a widespread drop in spending. Governments usually respond to recessions by adopting expansionary macroeconomic policies, such as increasing money supply, increasing government spending and decreasing taxation.

ABOUT TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT 关于培训与发展
Training is an act of increasing knowledge and skills of an employee for doing a particular job. Its purpose is to achieve a change in the behavior of those trained and to enable them to do their jobs better. Training is necessary for the newly appointed employees and it's equally necessary for the old employee whenever new machines or new technology is introduced in the job. Training is a continuous process. Development is career-centered in nature. All development is self- development. The executive has to be internally motivated for self- development although the terms training and development are used interchangeably and often used together, there are some differences between the two.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT 培训与发展差异
There is a difference between terms - Training and Development. Training means learning skills and knowledge for doing a particular job. It increases job skills. The term training is generally used to denote imparting specific skills among operative workers and employees. Training is concerned with maintaining and improving current job performance. Thus, it has a short term perspective. Training is job-centered in Nature. The role of trainer or supervisor is very important in training. Development means the growth of an employee in all respects. It shapes attitudes. The term development is associated with the overall growth of the executives and managers. Executive development seeks to develop competence and skills for future performance. Thus, it has a long- term perspective.

IMPORTANCE OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT 培训与发展的重要性
Training and development can be initiated for a variety of reasons for an employee or group of employees.

When a performance appraisal indicates performance improvement is needed

To 'benchmark' the status of improvement so far in a performance improvement effort

As part of an overall professional development program

As part of succession planning to help an employee be eligible for a planned change in role in the organization

To test, the operation of a new performance management system

To train about a specific topic

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 培训与发展过程
Organizational Objectives

Needs Assessment

Is There a Gap?

Training Objectives

Select the Trainees

Select