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The end of the American Civil War created favorable conditions for theindustrialization and promoted the development of the capitalist market of the UnitedStates. From the second half of the nineteenth century, the United States was involvedin the second industrial revolution, which exerted a profound influence on all aspectsof American economy and society. The second industrial revolution brought about asignificant change in the industrial structure, giving birth to some new industrialsectors. In the meantime, American economy achieved unprecedented progress duringthis period. Before the second industrial revolution, agriculture played a primary roleonce. But the second industrial revolution witnessed a rapid progress of the industryand decline of the agriculture. During the last ten years of the nineteenth century, it isthe industry that occupied a leading role, which marked the transformation of theagricultural society to industrial society. In this way, the United States graduallyestablished its position as a powerful industrial nation in the world. Moreover, thisrevolution accelerated the development of agriculture. The agricultural mechanizationfacilitated the improvement of agricultural productivity and increased the output ofagricultural products. In this phase, the urbanization of the United States also enteredits heyday. By the end of the century, the urban system was basically formed. A largenumber of farmers attempted to acclimate themselves to the urban life with whichthey are unfamiliar. With the accumulation and concentration of capital, theproduction relations have changed fundamentally followed by the change of thestructure of the bourgeoisie. One of the most striking characteristics is the rise of thenew middle class and the decline of the old middle class. Independent and freefarmers made up a part of the old middle class. While in the city, small entrepreneursare engaged in such economic activities as commerce, speculation and so forth, whoconstitute another portion of the old middle class.

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2.2 Sadistic Lust for Dominating Peers

It is generally known that accomplishments in the market are determinants of theidentity of marketplace men. Not only did they need to achieve success, but also theyare put into continuous attention and question in market economy, so they are pressedto testify their masculinity continually. The public arena is one of the primary fieldsfor men to demonstrate their masculinity. It is admitted that “rational, bureaucratic,bourgeois, revolutionary, and usually male” (Hearn 25) are typical features of the public domain. According to Kimmel, homophobia signifies the fear or humiliation ofbeing misunderstood not to be a real man under the close supervision of other men inthe public filed. Since men are laid at the verge of masculinity because ofhomophobia, the fear of subjection spurs them to make greater efforts. Men are placedunder the focus of the public, especially in front of other men. This evaluation ofmasculinity from the perspective of other men is considered as “homosocialenactment” (Kimmel, “Mascul本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。