How Globalization and Trade Liberalization Have Impacted Positively and Negatively on Global Sustainability-全球化和贸易自由化对全球可持续发展带来的正面和负面影响 [2]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2014-04-01编辑:caribany点击率:10883
论文字数:3336论文编号:org201404010932314854语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文
关键词:Globalization全球化Trade Liberalization贸易自由化Sustainability
摘要:总之,以中国农产品为例,三个因素:全球化,贸易自由化和全球可持续发展都是紧密联系的。In conclusion, take Chinese agricultural products as an example, three factors: globalization, trade liberalization and global sustainability are tied up with each other closely.
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Agricultural products are one of the important sources of Chinese economy. Before China implemented “Open Door” policy in 1978, agricultural products were under the self-sufficient economic system. During that period, agricultural products were produced and then sold only in domestic market. The market of Chinese agricultural product is extremely narrow. After 1978, Chinese agricultural products started to be traded to several foreign counties. However, the trade of Chinese agricultural products was not completely globalized because related export and import policies for China had not been drawn up. Until China joined WTO in 2001, the global markets of Chinese agricultural products are expanding gradually. Although some trade barriers to Chinese agricultural products are still not eliminated, the trade of them is getting more and more global. Apart from agricultural products involved in traded commodities, new agricultural technology is also imported to China. In recent years, export amount of Chinese agricultural products every year is increasing and standing at the front rank in global export quantities of agricultural products. National Bureau of Statistics of China’s website (2009) indicates the export volume of Chinese agricultural products was 13,080 million dollars in 2000 and jumped to 17,330 million dollars in 2004.
2.2.2. Trade Liberalization
(1) Introduce concept trade liberalization
Trade liberalization refers to each member of WTO has an obligation to liberalize goods, services and trade-related investments steadily. That is, all the countries in WTO are responsible for executing every agreement and policy made by the organization or among members. In addition, members should accept the supervision as well as intermediation of the organization. Finally, members reduce tariffs and trade barriers; remove discrimination treatment for each other in order to realize trades to be globalized freely without any additional conditions.
Some authorities in international business filed give “trade liberalization” further explanations. For instance, Subramanian and Gelbard (2000) consider“Trade liberalization was associated with faster economic growth, especially when comprehensive macroeconomic reforms. ” McCulloch et al. (2001) examine the link between trade liberalization and poverty. They hold the opinion that trade liberalization can fight against poverty since trade liberalization will provide more resources to nationals to increase average incomes.
(2) Trade liberalization of Chinese agricultural products
Trade liberalization of Chinese agricultural products has developed faster and faster since China became a member of WTO. China has made some efforts to carried out its promises in “Uruguay Round”agricultural agreement. For example, decrease tariffs of agricultural products by 20% and rise tariff quotas three times (Barker, Sinha and Rose, 2008). Nevertheless, some trade barriers cannot be avoided in liberalization process. Trade liberalization has not got rid of “trade protection” fundamentally, it is not true “ free trade” actually. “Trade protection” for agricultural products of developed countries relies on new measurements such as anti-dumping, technology barriers or especial guarantee terms to maintain their benefits. These anthropogenic factors interfere in the development of trade liberalization of global agriculture, particularly for
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