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对于一个国家来说，陆地是最重要的资产，不管是对经济还是对可持续发展来说，都是如此。陆地也是最基本的资产，它可以被当作为了某种生产流程而进行的初始投入之类的东西。生产力以及陆地的输出结果决定了一个国家的经济发展；另一方面，陆地在对于人口的分布也决定着未来发展的可持续性。

以印度这个国家为例，它是一个农业大国，几乎80%到90%人口都依靠农业为生。因此他们就间接的要依靠于陆地，这就使得陆地被当作是和神明一样的东西。所以，在这样的社会里，土地扮演着非常重要的角色，当然更重要的是土地的分布状况。

尽管土地对于人口的分布非常惹人关注的话题，但是土地分布却绝对没有趋于平均，至少这只是一种历史性的表述。大部分情况下，土地所有权似乎都掌握在少数人手中，而其他人则被雇佣成为劳动力或者干脆就是奴隶一类的角色。

古代典籍，比如摩奴法典、印度教圣典都表明了在印度普遍的土地所有制系统，直到公元15世纪，种植者才成为了土地所有者。

Land is a key asset for a country both for economical and sustainable development. Land is the basic essential asset which can be considered as the initial input or start-up for the production process. Productivity and output result of land determines economical development of a country on the other hand the distribution of land among the population is what determines the sustainable part of development.

In case of a country like India where from the very evolution ,mostly 80-90% of the population depend on agricultural for their living i.e. indirectly depended on land, this makes it being treated in the same spiritual way as their Gods being treated. So eventually development in such society has an important role of land and more importantly distribution of such an asset.

Although this distribution of land among population is a topic which has always gathered much attention as the distribution was never seems to be even, at least this is what the history speaks. The ownership of land in most cases is seems to be in few hands and rest of the population employed either as wage labour or share croppers or quite differently as slaves.

Ancient texts such as Manusmriti, Artha Shastra shows that system of land tenure prevalent in India until fifth century A.D was essentially of Raiyatwari (the non-landlord types) i.e. cultivators being the owners of their land. And ownership of land in most cases is determined on the basis of first clearer of the jungle (even this shows the fact that each member of the society was treated equally). No intermediary power was present between state and cultivator and nor did the ruler of the state had any claim on land. Only a part as small as 1/6th or 1/8th of the produce was required to pay to the state as tax which inturn provided security to the landlord. Although landlords with large holdings were present in that period as well, their land was thus cultivated either by landless or extremely small hired labours or slaves or as sharecroppers in this system. The cultivators of these large farms were offered compensation as small as 1/4th - 1/5th of the produce. So some sort of discrimination was also present.

Medieval periods, considered as the period of Muslim rule bring no change to the existing revenue system and made it worse during its course. Muslim law suggested that conquered states would be let alone only if they submit and agree to pay tribute (namely khiraj) to the emperor for every produce on land or else being punished to death or slavery. But some fundamentals were similar under Muslim law vis-a-vis Hindu law such as first clearer should be the sole owner of the land, but this law was even disregarded during Muslim rule in India. During Muslim's rule, state's claim on produce was as high as ¼ th - 1/3rd of the total produce as co本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。