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The impact of terrorism on tourism demand
Jorge E. Arañaa and Carmelo J. Leóna
aUniversity of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Submitted 14 April 3006. 3 November 2006. Resubmitted 16 January 2007. Final version 4 July 2007. Accepted 4 August 2007. Refereed anonymously. Coordinating Editor: Yoel Mansfeld. 
Available online 13 May 2008.

Abstract
Terrorism
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and threats to national security are documented to have impacts on tourism demand. This paper focuses on the short-run impacts of the September 11 attacks in New York on tourist preferences for competing destinations in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands. The proposed approach is a stated preference model based on two different samples taken at different points in time in relation to terrorist attacks. Results show that the attacks caused a shock to tourists’ utility, and a change in the image profile of destinations. Moreover, it was found that while some destinations experienced a strongly negative impact on their image and attractiveness, others were upgraded as a consequence of terror events.
Résumé
L’impact du terrorisme sur la demande touristique. Il est vérifié que le terrorisme et les menaces pour la sécurité nationale ont des impacts sur la demande touristique. Cet article porte sur les impacts à court terme des attentats du 11 septembre à New York sur les préférences des touristes pour des destinations en concurrence en Méditerranée et aux Canaries. L’approche est un modèle de préférence déclarée basé sur deux échantillons qui ont été pris à des moments différents par rapport aux attaques. Les résultats montrent un choc sur le modèle d’utilité des touristes et un changement sur le profile de l’image des destinations. En plus, certaines destinations ont subi un impact fortement négatif sur leur image et leur attrait, tandis que d’autres ont été revalorisées en conséquence des événements touristiques.
Keywords: discrete choice; terrorism; demand

Mots-clés: choix discret; terrorisme; demande
Article Outline
Introduction
Impacts of terrorism on demand
Survey Work
Study Results
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Vitae
Introduction
Tourism is an industry where both demand and supply can be sensitive to extreme events such as terrorism or political violence ([Richter and Waugh, 1986] and [Ryan, 1993]). The absence of terror or violence is a pre-condition generally accepted for the development of destinations ([Israeli and Reichel, 2003] and [Sönmez, 1998]). However, in the last decades, the world has been increasingly threatened by terrorism, and acts of violence have increased in many countries, some of them enjoying in parallel an increasing popularity as destinations (Sönmez, Apostolopoulos and Tarlow 1999). These events can be considered a handicap at conflict and novel destinations, since tourists used to show marked preferences for tranquility and peaceful social environments ([Neumayer, 2004] and [Reisinger and Mavondo, 2005]).
The impact of terrorism on consumer choice and tourism decisions has been an area of research concern on demand. However, most of these studies have utilized a times series approach. For instance, (Enders and Sandler, 1991) and (Enders et al., 1992) used monthly data and time series analysis to prove a significant negative impact of terrorism on tourism 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。