英语论文网

debate, for the effective planning and implementation of collaboration and partnerships among various stakeholders in the process of tourism development. By merging these needs and concerns, the host community will achieve an improved quality of life, while the tourists gain satisfactory experiences, the tourism industry makes a fair profit and the environment is protected for continuous future use. (Zhenhua Liu, M, 2003).

The Lake District tourism and Conservation Partnership (LDTCP) is the best example of partnership working towards tourism which was established in 1993. Their aim was to raise funds from visitors, tourism and related businesses and other in order to maintain and enhance the sustainability of the Lake District landscape. The founding organisations were the Cumbria Tourist Board, The national trust and The Lake District national park Authority. Initial support was provided by the Cumbria Training and Enterprise, Council and the Rural Development Commission. The LDTCP is a proven successful pioneering partnership in sustainable tourism and is recognised as such within the UK, Europe and beyond. The sharing of the best practice extends as far as Holland, Greece, and Indonesia (Hind and Mitchell, 2004).

Contribution to development:

In 1960, tourism was seen as an effective developmental growth-pole, as indeed it continues to be seen in some contexts (Telfer and Sharpley, 2008). A variety of actors representing the public, private and non-profit sectors work together in development process for tourism development process (Telfer and Sharpley, 2008) and then Tourism will contribute to development, as it enhances the development of micro, small and medium-scale enterprises that cater to the tourist demand for goods and services. In the case of Kenya, the development of tourism-based community-based enterprises (CBEs) has become the principal business format (Manyara & Jones, 2007). The conservation orientation of CBEs makes it an ideal form for tourism businesses to adopt. The same is true in South Africa, which relies on non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations (CBOs) (Burns & Barrie, 2005). Adopting a policy of larger tourism development provide greater economic benefits in term of income and employments and this why in many developing countries tourism represents a potentially valuable development option though it is related with selection of costs or impacts from environmental shabbiness to dependency on international corporations (Telfer and Sharpley, 2008).

Lepp's (2004) suggest that at destinations with no prior knowledge of tourism, initial tourism development will be met with suspicion, anxiety and fear. This was the case in the rural community of Bigodi, Uganda, when tourism was introduced in 1991 residents reacted to tourism with anxiety, suspicion and fear. In fact, they believed tourists would steal their land (Lepp, 2004). But in 2006, a study by Lepp’s shows that 94% of respondents expressed positive attitudes towards tourism while only 6 % shows negative attitudes where negative attitudes were rarely expressed by the local people and positive attitudes were connected with the belief that tourism creates community development, opportunities for earning income, improved agricultural markets, and a chance at good fortune.

According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization, to