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Course Introduction and Overview
课程介绍和概述

这次会议的一些典型事实记录区域主义的增长及其目前的趋势打开。然后，它提供了对创建的支配区域和优惠贸易协定的世界贸易组织各项法律规定的历史/法律背景。这些措施包括，对区域贸易协定（区域贸易协定），GATT第二十四条对商品（自由贸易区和关税同盟）贸易和服务贸易，服务贸易总协定第五条经济一体化协议。围绕在日内瓦关税同盟规定（1947年），并增加在哈瓦那（ITO - 1948年）的自由贸易区（FTA）异常的起草历史仍然引起怎么样怎么样的核心问题，使贸易歧视数量有限经济发展的一个普遍最惠国待遇（MFN）义务管辖的多边环境的目的。
处理通过多年的GATT工作组审查的第二十四条文本的主要解释问题将重点放在发达国家/发展中国家的领土区域贸易协定加以强调。在GATT时期的首要问题是，这些安排是否符合GATT第24条第内部贸易范围的要求。 8.这需要高度贸易范围，使得关税职责被消除上基本上所有的区域部件之间的交易。这对发展中国家区域成员，其中举办的新欧洲共同体之间的经济关系创造EC海外协会（1957年）的问题就是我们现在所说的非洲，加勒比和太平洋（非加太）国家集团。

This lecture series provides a legal and historical overview of regional and preferential trade agreements in the WTO. The session opens with some stylized facts documenting the growth of regionalism and its current trends. It then provides an historical / legal background for the creation of the various WTO legal provisions that govern regional and preferential trade agreements. These include, for regional trade agreements (RTAs), GATT Article XXIV for trade in goods (free-trade areas and customs unions) and for trade in services, GATS Article V for economic integration agreements. The drafting history surrounding the customs union provision at Geneva (1947) and the addition of the free-trade area (FTA) exception at Havana (ITO – 1948) still raises the core issue of how to how to allow a limited amount of trade discrimination for the purposes of economic development in a multilateral setting governed by a general most-favoured(MFN) obligation.
The main interpretation questions dealing with the Article XXIV text through the years of the GATT working group reviews will be highlighted with a focus on developed / developing territory RTAs. The primary issue over the GATT period was whether these arrangements met the internal trade coverage requirements of GATT Article XXIV, para. 8. This requires a high degree of trade coverage so that tariff duties are eliminated on substantially all the trade between the regional members. This was problematic for developing country regional members in the creation of the EC Overseas Association (1957) which organized the economic relations between the new European Communities and what we now call the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group of countries.
The GATT-47 era closed in the early 1990s with two unreported dispute panel cases concerning the application of GATT Article XXIV when raised as a defence to a claim of violation for mostfavoured nation (MFN, GATT Article I). These panels asserted a right to review (at least facially)the declarations made by regional members to determine whether the agreement was of a type to be qualified as a free-trade area. This led to the formation of the current EU-ACP Cotonou Convention and the attempt by the EU to conclude regional Economic Partnership Agreements(EPAs) with groupings of ACP countries or territories.
Outline:
I. Legal and historical context for RTA provisions in GATT and WTO
- Geneva (47) customs union provisions, the MFN compromise
- Havana (48) free-trade area provisions and SAT language
II. GATT-47 practice on reviews of RTAs between developed/developing territories
- “reciprocity” issue for trade coverage
- GATT development Articles and the “exhaustive” list of XXIV:8 Articles
- Meaning of para. 5 ORCs and para. 8 ORRCs, rules of origin
- legal effect of notification to the GATT without a resulting recommendation<