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1. Theoretical Framework of Cooperative Principle
Pragmatics, as a newly sprung up field in linguistics, came into being in the 1970 s and1980s. Its launch and development are mainly in western linguistics. Pragmatismphilosophy provided many basic views for pragmatics. In 1938, American philosopher C.Morris, who divided semiotics study into three branches: syntax, semantics and pragmaticswas also the first to put forward the terminology “pragmatics” and this is the beginning ofthe discipline. One year after C. Morris’ breakthrough, R. Carnap, a German-bornphilosopher suggested that all the listening and speaking behavior and the situation andcontext the communication happens should belong to pragmatics. From then on, pragmaticsresearch stepped out of the pure theoretical phase and achieved significant and diversifieddevelopment. More than a decade, pragmatics has been the hot research topic for linguistsboth at home and abroad. Pragmatics is a scientific study of language understanding and itsapplication. It concentrates on how the relationship of literal meaning and implied meaningis built up through context in human language. The research scope of it include: (1)Deictics;(2) Presupposition; (3) The Cooperative Principle; (4) Speech Act; (5) Polite Principle; (6)Conversational Implicature; (7) Conversational Structure etc.
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B. Introduction of Cooperative Principles
Among many directions of pragmatics, pragmatic principle is a research topic that hasan overall function. Grice in 1967 proposed the “Cooperative Principle” and“Conversational Implicature” theory, the main target is to show people how to cooperate inthe process of communication and how to understand the intention of the speaker from thediscourse. Grice’s conversational theory has gone through almost 40 years since itsappearance. During its existence, the theory has experienced a construction-correction-reconstruction process, during which period the classical theory got its new valuableimprovements by some scholars that support to fix the Cooperative Principle andConversational Implicature like Laurence Horn in 1984 with his Q-R principle and StephenLevinson who established Neo-Gricean pragmatic apparatus in 1991. In this thesis, we usethe classical one by Grice as theoretical foundation.Grice developed the theory of Non-natural meaning in his article Meaning publishedin 1957 which was actually a kind of communication theory, in this article, Grice hold avery important view on the communication behavior that the process of communication isalways inseparable from communication intention. To explain non-natural meaning interms of the notion of a speaker’ s intentions, Grice further distinguishes between two kindsof non-natural meaning: utterer’s meaning (more commonly used term in contemporarywork is “speaker meaning”) and timeless meaning (often called “conventional meaning”nowadays). The two categorizations in his sense are to define speaker’s meaning in terms ofhis overt intentions, and then to define conventional meaning according to speaker’smeaning. Grice’s theory about meaning and conversation were further fully developed inthe fifth and sixth of his William James lectures, with his famous Logic and Conversationdelivered at Harvard in 1967 where he made his most influential contribution to philosophy and linguistics.
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