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d in the preface, referencing is also a way of acknowledging the hard
work that goes into the research, preparation, writing and revision of academic
texts. Accurate referencing is also one way of giving indirect thanks to thisinvisible and invaluable effort and achievement.
More pragmatically, it also shows a tutor you have, at least, read some of thesources listed on a reading list!
And last, but probably not least from a student perspective, accurate and
intelligent referencing will enhance a good essay and contribute to the marks yougain. Selection of relevant evidence and accurate referencing is an importantelement in the marking criterion.
This booklet will:
􀂾 explain when to reference;
􀂾 show you how to reference (using the Harvard Style adopted by the School ofManagement);
give examples of different forms of referencing, including some of the lesscommon sources;
􀂾 include two assignments to demonstrate referencing in action.
However, if you need help in referencing any source in any assignment, you cancontact the author of this booklet and Effective Learning Officer for the School:
Colin Neville, email: C.Neville@bradford.ac.uk
University of Bradford, School of Management References and Bibliographies
Effective Learning Service 3
CONTENTS PAGES
Section 1: GENERAL INFORMATION
Difference between references and bibliographies
What to reference
When to reference
Plagiarism
Types of referencing
Principles of referencing
Harvard Style of referencing
Section 2: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
About citing page numbers
About using secondary sources
Citing an author published more than once in the same year
Citing non-English books
Punctuation and capitalisation in references
Undated sources
When to use multiple citations
Citations, quotations and the word count
Section 3: EXAMPLES OF CITATIONS and REFERENCING
Books
Journal articles, magazines, newspapers
TV/radio/video/audio-cassette/CD ROM
Government publications
Reports
Course manuals/lecture notes
Oral communication: interviews, telephone conversations, lectures
Unpublished sources
Standards and Patents
Legal documents
Cinema and theatre
Electronic sources (Internet, Email and other)
QUIZ
EXAMPLE REPORT (1)
EXAMPLE ESSAY (2)
ANSWER TO QUIZ
ENDNOTE
FURTHER READING and REFERENCES
4
5
6-9
10-13
14
15
16-19
20
21
22
23
23-24
24
25
25
26-28
29-31
32
33
34
35
36-37
38
39
40-43
44
45-51
52
53-59
60-66
67
68
69-71
University of Bradford, School of Management References and Bibliographies
Effective Learning Service 4
SECTION 1: GENERAL INFORMATION
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
‘REFERENCES’ AND A ‘BIBLIOGRAPHY’?
The terms ‘References’ and ‘Bibliography’ are often usedsynonymously, but there is a difference in meaning between
them.
REFERENCES
References are the items you have read and specifically referred to (or cited) inyour assignment and your list of sources at the end of the assignment will beheaded ‘References’.
If you make a point of reading selectively, you will usually make use of everythingyou read and then refer directly to it in your assignment.
In that event, it will be perfectly correct to just have a ‘References’ list instead ofa ‘Bibliography’; it will certainly not go a