摘要:The social network theory acts as thread across the different stages and tests the quality of the relations. We are confident to present a multi-leveled and dynamic analysis about the entrepreneurial activity of the clothes boutiques in Shanghai.
reneurship Researches
2.2.1Analytical Frame and Focus
In a process of small business start up, there are participants from different levels, making the running possible and complex. Not every detail counts the same in the process, but some focuses prop out. Gartner (1985) picked out individual, environment, organization and institution, the four focuses, but leaving out the important one, opportunity. Timmons (1999) “New Venture Creation” proposed opportunity, organization, and resource were the focuses, with entrepreneur as the center to keep a dynamic balance of the other three. Birley&westhea (1990) put forward another focus into his analysis: performance.
This paper regards external environment, entrepreneur and his or her organization, opportunity, resources, and performance as the focuses constructing the frame of entrepreneurial activity. We select environment, opportunity and performance from the frame to be discussed, because entrepreneur and his or her organization and resources as well, are familiar topics of many discussions.
First let us talk above environment. Environment is the focus in this model and process, because no individual or organization can do without it. The influence of value system, opportunity, supporting and resources all come originate from the environment. In environment with more opportunities and support for entrepreneurial activity, the success of business is more easy to achieve and vitality of entrepreneurs. Gnyawali & Fogel (1994) discussed the holistic model, taking opportunity, the capability of the entrepreneur, the intention of business start up, and environment as the focuses.
In general, there are two major perspectives concerning environment and its interaction with entrepreneurial activity: strategic adaptation (Gnyawali & Fogel, 1994) and population ecology (Ucbasaran, et al. 2001). Usually, environment is regarded as a variable in the analysis of its influence; few have tried to make a quantitative study about single factor. Beglet & Tan (2001) made a comparison between four Anglo-Saxon countries and eastern Asian ones to investigate the difference in business intention. It gives enlightenment to enlist environment as a focus in the entrepreneurial study.
Next one is opportunity, starting from (neoclassical equilibrium theories, nowadays researches disagree that opportunity offers same promises to individuals. Sarasvathy et al. (2003) proposed three models concerning opportunity: recognition, discovery and creation.
The last focus is about the evaluation of business activity, the performance. Venkataraman & Ramanujam (1986) pointed out financial index was the manageable measurement of business performance. But the researchers found this standard is too simplified, Murphy, et al. (1996) offered a model of 8 measures: efficiency, profit, size, mobility etc. It is hard to offer a completely objective standard for the performance. Usually, we combine the financial records with a survey based on questionnaires to make a careful evaluation of performance. There is a trend to include some subjective reactions into the evaluative framework, because satisfaction and sense of success are also important to individual (Cooper & Artz, 1995).
A frame of focuses set aside for a while, we refer to it in our later analysis.
2.3Basic Theories of Entrepreneurial Activity
2.3.1Analytical Level of Previous Study
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