摘要:The social network theory acts as thread across the different stages and tests the quality of the relations. We are confident to present a multi-leveled and dynamic analysis about the entrepreneurial activity of the clothes boutiques in Shanghai.
ut to earlier researchers disappointment, it was hard to find empirical evidence to prove the quality of an entrepreneur is sufficient to his or her success. So researchers have to use the cognition theory from psychology to find the difference from others (Stewart et al, 1998; Carland et al, 2002).Witkin et al (1971) pointed out that cognitive style is a self-consistent mode of functioning. In this theory, individuals show their perceptual and intellectual activities. It offers one basis for identifying the potential successful entrepreneurs (Allinson, Chell & Hayes, 2000).
In empirical study, two instruments have been used to evaluate entrepreneurial cognition: Kirton's Adaptation-Innovation theory (KAI), and the Cognitive Style Index (Allinson & Hayes, 2001). The former measures cognitive creativity in problem solving .The latter is a self-report questionnaire to assess cognitive style as either ‘analytic' or ‘intuitive'. By using the former instrument, there was a significant empirical study (Buttner & Gryskiewicz, 1993) about entrepreneurs' problem solving styles. The result of the research demonstrated that entrepreneurs were more innovative than general managers. In their study using the CSI, Allinson, Chell & Hayes (2001) found that successful entrepreneurs are more intuitive in their cognitive style than the general population of managers.
Generally speaking, the fast development of cognition study presents a base for the entrepreneurial cognition study and enriches our understanding of entrepreneurs in depth.
Secondly, resource-based theory .The resource-based theory is a means used to determine the strategic resources available to a firm. To be successful a business shall have special advantages over others.These advantages are ususally shown in the clever use of the the bundle of valuable resources at its disposal.These are also called competitive advantage of an enterprise (Wernerfelt, 1984; Rumelt, 1984). If these comparative advantages can be kept and become valuable resources, they are considered perfectly imitable nor substitutable without great effort (Hoopes, 2003, p891). If these requirements satisfied, the resource bundle of the enterprise can help the firm sustain above average returns.
By applying this theory, the reasearchers usually attach great importance to the following key points: the identification of the firm’s potential key resources; characteristics of these resources: vluable (Barney, 1991, p99; Amit and Shoemaker, 1993, p36). , rare (Barney, 1986a, p1232-1233; Dierickx and Cool, 1989, p1504; Barney, 1991, p100), in-imitable (Barney, 1991, p107), and non-substitutable (Barney, 1991).
The traditional resources-based theory emphasizes heterogeneous recourses, which enact and well explain the transformation of resources. Traditionally, capital and materials in production are thought to be important resources. But nowadays some very subjective aspects and elements are regarded as also resources. So this theory is of vitality to study the decision-making, opportunity recognition, and competency of a firm because in these processes, all the above subjective resources are needed. More study concentrates on these subjective resources. This is the future trend and development of the theory.
Thirdly, institutional theory. Institutions are norms, rituals and rules of social order and cooperation directing the behavior of a group of individuals or organizati
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