英语论文网

留学生MBA论文代写：为消除贫困和发展的基础设施支持
Infrastructure Support For Poverty Eradication And Development

发展一个可持续的资金架构支持肯尼亚道路运输sub-sector：公私合作有什么作用？
DEVELOPING A SUSTAINABLE FUNDING FRAME-WORK TO SUPPORT THE ROAD TRANSPORT SUB-SECTOR IN KENYA: WHAT ROLE FOR PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP?

道路网络的恶劣条件在很大程度上是由于道路发展、康复和维修经费的不足。一个更大的问题，是缺乏一个适当的或全面的资金框架，以支持子部门。直到最近，道路分部门拥有，管理和资助的政府，与公共部门经常实施的大部分作品。私营部门的作用仅限于政府执行的合同，政府建立的设计和标准。加班加点，私营部门在服务和基本管理方面继续发挥越来越重要的作用。融资安排，虽然共享，但是，在很大程度上仍然在公共部门。

Abstract 摘要
Although it is just one of the many modes in Kenya, the road transport sub-sector accounts for 90% of passenger and freight surface transport. The latest available reports on road network condition show that it is characterized by very poor pavement surfaces of all types, with the attendant adverse effects on service levels, vehicle operating costs and ultimately, on growth and development of the national economy.

The poor condition of the road network is largely attributable to inadequacy in funding for road development, rehabilitation and maintenance. A much bigger problem however, is the lack of a proper or comprehensive funding framework to support the sub-sector. Until very recently, the roads sub-sector was owned, managed and financed by the government, with the public-sector often implementing much of the works. The role of the private sector was restricted to implementing contracts let by the government, to the designs and standards established by the government. Overtime, the private sector has continued to play an increasing role in the delivery of services and in the basic management. Financing arrangements, though shared have however, remained largely within the public sector.

This paper develops the building blocks for a sustainable funding framework and suggests a raft of road financing options for the country. More importantly, it proposes a new model for the sector, which widens and deepens the involvement of the private sector through a partnership framework with the public sector. It also discusses some of the possible elements in such a partnership.

1.0 INTRODUCTION 简介

An efficiently functional roads transport sub-sector is critical to economic growth in Kenya. This realization has led to attempts over time by the government to set up funding mechanisms for the sub sector. In 1984 for instance, the government introduced road toll to assist it raise the needed revenue that could be used on road maintenance in addition to the already existing crop cess.

As the economy expanded however, the financial needs for road maintenance expanded more than proportionately. In an attempt to avoid the anticipated public outrage over increased road toll charges the government introduced Road Maintenance Levy Fund (RMLF) in1993, the proceeds of which were to be fully applied to road maintenance. The other more conventional sources of financing like the (Government of Kenya) GoK annual budgetary allocation, bilateral and multilateral loans and grants and other user charges however, continued to be used to develop new roads. All these sources combined generate just about 1.5% of the country's GDP, which is then allocated to maintenance, r