英语论文网

world were more bound to the flows or finance and trade; the prescription is the development of world that was in everyone's attention (Stalker, 2000). In this paper, I will try to discuss the issues of globalization impact on global level, and its consequences.

II. GLOBALIZATION 全球化
a) What is Globalization?
Globalization is being recognized as something as surprising and innovative which is out of human control (Stalker, 2000). Guillén (2001) mentioned the term 'Globalization' 'is used to encompass increases in trade and liberalization policies as well as reductions in transportation costs and technology transfer' (p. 5). Globalization has been applied many different processes, therefore the meaning itself became indefinable. In simplest way to describe globalization may refer to a growing number of multiple events happening simultaneously in more than single country (Stalker, 2000).

b) Five dimensions of Globalization
There are at least five dimensions of globalization, first of all is the integration and interdependence of domestic economies. Reinicke (2000) explained that 'the concepts of interdependence and globalization often are used interchangeably, many studies characterize globalization as the 'the intensification of economic, political, social, and cultural relations across borders' (p. 5). Another dimension of globalization is the rise of regional economic integration blocs, for example, two or more countries formed a free trade area in order to defend against globalization (Stubbs, 2000). Firm and governments also start international currency trading in trade and investment although the scales for trade and investment are very diverse (Garrett, 2000). Fourth dimension is the globalization of production; Ernst (1999) stated that 'by concentrating production within one region, a firm can generate closer, faster, and more cost-effective interaction between different stages of the value chain than it can ever hope to achieve once it starts moving production abroad' (p. 24). Lastly, many services firms are undergoing globalization of services that expanding their business cross border and seek for low cost due to the reduction of transport costs since the 'dramatic strides in telecommunications technology have slashed the distance barriers between countries' (Hufbauer & Warren, 1999, p. 7).

III. EMPLOYMENT RATES 就业率

Rama (2003) stated that one of the matter that globalization can affect the developing country is the labor market. 'Increased import penetration, export sales, competition in services, foreign direct investment and exchange rate fluctuations prompted by international capital movements could all, in principle, have an impact on employment and labor earnings' (Rama, 2003, p. 5). Besides that, there are many issues caused by globalization, one of it was the globalization affects the flexibility of workers through national borderlines and domestic labor organizations might not be sufficient to safeguard their fundamental rights of their workers (Stalker, 2000). Besides that, globalization has been connected with variations in labor market, for instance, the variations in the structure and level of labor demand, in skill scarcities and relative salaries (Orbeta, 2002). In order to become more competitive, many countries reduce their trade and investment barriers, eliminate their legal monopolies, transfer their public-sector enterprise