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rovided a national policy framework to encourage universities and other non-profit organizations to collaborate with commercial enterprises in the commercialization of inventions and new technologies.

2.1.2 Tax Credits and Technology Transfer

The regulatory frameworks implemented by government of America put forward tools that are directed more sharply towards industry, such as tax credits given to firms that collaborate with academics. This was a very important step as U-I Collaboration was taken favourably by the academics, but not by the industrialists. Tax credits or similar incentives could motivate the industries to cooperate with the government in the step being taken to bridge U-I gap.

An area where the federal government has established explicit policy on academic industrial collaboration has been in the area of technology transfer. More specifically, there are ongoing extensive efforts to establish university-based research centres and small business technology transfer programs. The university research centres’ goals include the development of long-term partnerships among industry, academia, and government. The centres are catalyzed by a small investment from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and are primarily supported by industry centre members, with NSF taking a supporting role in their development and evolution.

2.1.3 Academia-Industry collaborators in USA

The Environmental Protection Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Technology Transfer Centre (NTTC), and NSF all participate in a program that facilitates collaborations between small businesses, universities, and government researchers. Each one of these departments sets aside a portion of its annual research and development (R&D) budget to specifically promote these types of collaborations. Direct efforts to increase U-I Collaboration are not the only reasons that academic scientists are joining forces more often with industry than they did in the past. The declining level of direct government support of academic research has also led to increased academic-industrial collaboration.

2.1.4 How Industry Academia Collaboration works in USA

The University and Industry benefit from each other’s infrastructure and resources that comes from an enormous investment of both public and private funds. The Industry gets to hold on research innovations and the academic’s ability to approach scientific problems from angles that are not encumbered by commercial concerns. The university faculty and students get an opportunity to investigate real-world problems and determine solutions that can generate economic and social benefit. Universities, industry, and public would be well-served when the university industry collaboration is enabled.

In USA transfer of knowledge takes place through consulting arrangements by faculty, research in the university laboratory that is sponsored by a company, consortia that bring together university scientists and industry scientists to conduct collaborative research, the licensing of inventions created at the university to companies for further development and commercialization, the creation of companies specifically for the development of a university created invention, and through the exchange of research materials between laboratories.

The reason of success for Industry Academ