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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research Background
Deeply rooted anthropocentrism propels people to explore and utilize natural resources without restraints. Human’s exploration and abuse of th e natural resources have caused extreme weather, acid rain, dense haze, ozone depletion, deforestatio n and global warming. People’s greed desolated not only trees, rive rs, and birds , but also their spiritual wealth. In the 1960s, the old issues in the Unite S tates like Black Civil Rights Movem ents and Fem inist Movements were increas ingly acute while many new problems emerged due to the de velopment of industry and technology . Environmental pollution destroyed the harm onious relationship between nature and human. To prevent pollution and desperation, people have to rethink and take a new look at the relationship betw een human and the nature. Hence, Am erican literature and art at that time, to some degree, reflect those social and environmental problems. It is essential for people to realize that human beings are not the center of the nature, nor should they attem pt to control it. Hum an beings should act as a part of the ecological system. Under such circum stances, the sensitive intellig entsias sought all possible ways to prevent degradation. Discip lines of humanities and social sciences like literature, linguistics and philosophy begin to concern ecology. Numerous literary works were then created from an ecological perspective. The intelligentsias attempted to revive humanity with their works and arts.
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1.2 The Significance of the Study
In view of the above analysis, this thesis attempts to analyze Snyder’s translation in the ligh t of his ecologica l views. In this study , Synder’s ecological religion, eco-poetics, the features and the influences of Snyder’s translation will be discussed systematically and in depth. Theoreti cally speaking, through analyzing Snyder’s ecological views reflected in his translation of the Cold Mountain poems, this thesis is intended to deepen the study of the Cold Mountain poems and illustrate how Snyder’s views of deep ecology are em bodied in his translation. In practice, through an elaborate interpretation of S nyder’s translation, this thes is intends to provide a new vision for other ancient Chinese poem s’translation. Besides, it aims to arouse human’s ecological awareness and thereby build a harmonious relationship between human and nature.
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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

Han Shan and his poem s hadn’t obtained a high literary position in China until the Cold Mountain poems were translated into English by Gary Snyder. Thanks to his translation, Han Shan and his poem s began to enjoy increasing popularity both at home and aboard. Han Shan has becom e a spiritual idol for the Beat G eneration and Hippies and his poem s translated by S nyder have become canonized in Am erican translated literature. Gary Snyder’s translation is deeply influenced by his ecological views. This chapter analyzes the previous studies on ecologism in general, on Gary Snyder’s ecological views and on his transl ation of the twenty-four Cold Mountain poe