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The central issue in translation has been the debate over which translation method is better, literal translation or liberal translation. Karl Buhler (2011:35), a prominent German linguist, first proposed the mode of language function. He classified language functions into three categories: informative function, appellative function and expressive function. Roman Jakobson (1960) established the famous framework of language function in Linguistics and Poetics, including emotive function, poetic function, conative function, referential function, phatic function and metalingual function. In accordance with Buhler and Jakobson’s classification of language functions, Peter Newmark, a leading Western translation theorist, divides text types into six: expressive function, informative function, vocative function, aesthetic function, phatic function and metalingual function. The most common of these are the first three. In this way, the relationship between translation purpose, reader and text type is well taken into account. This also put an end to the centuries-long dispute over literal translation or liberal translation.

According to Newmark (2001b:39), “the core of the expressive text is the mind of the speaker, the writer or the originator of the utterance. He used the utterance to express his feelings irrespective of any response”. In other words, it only conveys the author’s attitude, emotion and personal values without considering the reader’s response. Typical expressive texts are: a. serious and imaginative literature, including lyric poetry, short stories, novels and dramas; b. authoritative texts, including many kinds of texts, whose authority comes from the author’s status or language ability, such as speeches and statements of senior government officials and party leaders, laws and regulations, documents, and academic works written by authoritative persons; c. autobiographies, essays, private letters, etc. expressing one’s feelings directly without readers (Newmark, 2001b:39). Besides, as Nida (2001) mentioned that the tempo of the style, as well as stylistic forms and rhyme schemes, comparative and figurative manners of speaking, proverbs and metaphors should all be reserved, the content and the form of the source text should be attached equal importance to during the translation.

2.2 Communicative Translation

In 1981, based on text typology, Peter Newmark put forward six translation methods in his book Approaches to Translation: literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, communicative translation, idiomatic translation and free translation. Word for word translation and adaptation were added to A Textbook of Translation in 1988. From the most emphasis on the source language to the most emphasis on the target language, they are word for word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, communicative translation, authentic translation, free translation and domestication translation. Their fidelity to the original text decreases in turn, while the flexibility of translation increases accordingly.

Newmark believes that only semantic translation and communicative translation can achieve the two goals of translation: accuracy and conciseness. Communicative translat本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。