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from the perspective of cognitive-and culture-oriented approaches to metaphorstudies.In chapter eight,an overall summary and conclusion of the thesis is providedwith implications for further research discussed.

Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework

2.1 Development of Descriptive Translation Studies(DTS)

A broad descriptive paradigm can be traced back to the Russian Formalist at thebeginning of the twentieth century.Different from prescriptive translation studies,DTS describes translations as what they are.This paradigm hosts theoretical conceptsincluding systems,shifts,norms,universals and some proposed laws of translation.Inhis paper“The Name and Nature of Translation Studies,”Holmes(1988)first madethe distinction between DTS and PTS:

Translation studies thus have two main objectives:(1)to describe the phenomenaof translating and translation(s)as they manifest themselves in the world of ourexperience,and(2)to establish general principles by means of which thesephenomena can be explained to and predicted(p.6).

Polysystem theory provides a foregrounding for the development of descriptivetranslation studies.In the 1970s,the Israeli scholar Itamar Even-Zohar laid thetheoretical foundations for Polysystem theory.His work was inspired by the RussianFormalists of the 1920s and the Czech Structuralists of the 1930s and 1940s.Focusingon the relations between the system of translated literature and the whole targetculture system,Even-Zohar(1990a)defined the polysystem as follows:

a multiple system,a system of various systems which intersect with each otherand partly overlap,using concurrently different options,yet functioning as onestructured whole,whose members are interdependent(p.11).

2.2 The Role of Norms in Translation

Toury tried to distinguish trends in translation behavior and generalize translators’decision-making.Then,his case studies“reconstruct”the norms that have been inoperation in the translation and make hypotheses that can be tested by futuredescriptive studies.According to Toury,norms are conceived as:

The translation of general values or ideas shared by a community–as to what isright or wrong,adequate or inadequate–into performance instructionsappropriate for and applicable to particular situations(Toury,2012,p.61).

Norms are sociocultural constraints specific to a culture,society and time.Toury(2012)considered translation to be an activity governed by norms.These norms“determine the(type and extent of)equivalence manifested in actual translations”(Toury,2012).This suggests the potential ambiguity of the term“norm.”Toury(2012)used it first as a descriptive analytical category to be studied through the regularity ofbehavior.They are“options that translators in a given socio-historical context select on a regular basis”(Baker,2009,p.46).

Chapter 3 Literature Review.................................22

3.1 Metaphor and Metaphor Translation.....................22

3.1.1 Theoretical conceptualizations of metaphor.....................22

3.1.2 The cognitive approach to metaphor translation............................25

Chapter 4 Research Methods.................................42

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