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but not in choice of modern method. We had taken both age and its square to reflect the non-linear relation between contraceptive use and age. Both coefficients are significant in the first choice situation, but not when modern methods are considered. Increases in number of living children encourage respondents to adopt contraceptives and modern methods. Freedom of the women to go for health check-ups by herself also has a significant impact on adoption of contraceptive methods, including modern methods.

Education - neither of the partner nor the respondent - does not influence contraceptive use. This is contrary to the effect of education found in other studies (Gubhaju 2010, Kamal et al. 2007, Kamal and Huda 2008). Nor is the coefficient of wealth index score significant. This may be due to the presence of multi-collinearity (all three variables are highly correlated with each other).

We had also included the place of last delivery as an explanatory variable, motivated by anecdotal evidence that slum-dwellers having more than two or three children are persuaded to get sterilized if they deliver in public sector health units. However, this variable is not significant. The coefficient of participation in labor market is also not significant. This may be because of the lack of employment opportunities for women residents of Calcutta.[2]

结论-5. Conclusion

To sum up, analysis of contraceptive use by slum-dwellers in Calcutta reveals the other importance of culture-related factors in influencing contraceptive use. Non-Bengali migrants and Muslims are reluctant to adopt contraceptives. The Government should therefore consider targeting these communities. Given the prevailing lack of confidence in the State among migrants and, particularly, the Muslims, such efforts should involve community-based organizations, rather than impose them from outside. This will reduce the probability of controversy emerging over issues like whether contraceptives are permissible in Islam.

Fertility preference, however, is still a major barrier to the adoption of contraceptives. Preference for more children, particularly boys, reduces demand for contraceptives. The birth of a an additional girl child will increase probability of using (modern) contraceptives by 50 percent; in case a boy child is borne, the effect is almost double (122 percent). This implies that patriarchal attitudes still persist within Calcutta slum population. Economic forces, too, plays an important role. Males constitute the majority of both workers and main workers in not only slum but also non-slum areas. Within the Calcutta Municipal Corporation, males comprise 84.5 percent of total workers and 85.5 percent of main workers. Therefore, the microeconomics of fertility decisions creates a son preference that has a major impact on contraceptive use. This can be tackled by reducing differential returns from having a boy and girl child. The role of employment-generation schemes like Swarna Jayanti Sahari Swarojar Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Yojana, etc. is important in this context.

参考文献-REFERENCES

Agarwal, S. and B.M. Bharti. 2006. “Reproductive health in urban slums.” The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 56(3): 255-257.
Becker, G.S. 1977. “An Economic Analysis of Fertility.” The Journal of Political Economy 85(6): 1141-1188.
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