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ctivity as those of size and propose testing parallel hypotheses. The older the franchise system, the less likely industrial strategies will be pursued. The older the system, the greater is the concern with stability & less likely it is that the strategies be proactive and correspondingly the adventurous nature will not be pursued. It is also said that age affects new product and technique innovation. The presence of well-defined routines and structures associated with age constrains the development of new products and processes (Leonard-Barton 1995; Starbuck 1965). Research indicates that as organizations age, their focus narrows and they often are unable to innovate beyond the original products or processes that were responsible for their initial success (Foster 1986; Miller 1990). Hence the older the franchising system- the lower the probability of new product and technique innovation.

特许经营的增长 Growth of the Franchisor

Growth is defined as the very essence of Private enterpriser , in contrast to the hypothesized effects of organization size and age rapid growth is associated with organizational adaptation and industrial strategies (Miller and Friesen 1984). It is impossible to cope with the pressures of competition without a clearly defined and well structured model for facilitating quick decision making. Research indicates that growth promotes industrial activity (Ireland and Hitt 1997; Zahra and Covin 1995). Without the capacity to grow, the organization is unlikely to survive.

Growth and innovation have almost become synonymous. Organizations grow externally through acquisitions and mergers and internally though product and process innovation (Bettis and Hitt 1995; Kanter 1985). As organizations grow, they are challenged to find new business opportunities and to develop new products and processes to stimulate additional growth (Ireland and Hitt 1997; Shane 1996b). This suggests that although innovation and growth occur together in the early stages of a firm, high growth becomes the driver for continued future innovation (Ireland and Hitt 1997). Organization survival depends on continued growth (Greiner 1972; Miller and Friesen 1984). In order that the franchisee system be adopted, it has to be justified that the growth will not diminish and there will be constant innovation in the future to facilitate growth. I propose the higher the growth of the franchising system, the higher will be the level of new product and technique innovation. In this study, I also examined an area for which little empirical research exists: the time elapsed between establishment of the company and the establishment of a franchising system. Given the lack of research in this area, we do not propose hypotheses concerning the relation of time in franchising to franchisee perceptions of the franchisoraa‚¬a„￠s pursuit of industrial strategies and support for franchisee innovation.

方法 METHODOLOGY:

Data Collection

The data of study were gathering from multiple sources thus minimizing the bias of same source data. The franchising firm data were taken from a number of business periodicals that track the franchising sector and publications that gather data on franchising. The franchisee data were obtained in a survey of franchise owne本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。