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rimary means by which a culture transmits its beliefs, values, and norms. It gives people a means of interacting with other members of the culture and a means of thinking.” (Dai Weidong, 1989:158) It is explicit that culture and language are inseparable from each other, and in fact, culture includes language as a subsystem, as a wider system. It can be summarized that language caries culture, mirrors culture, spreads culture and helps develop culture.
On the other side, language is deeply influenced and shaped by culture, steaming from culture. Language, as a symbol system, expresses traces of a particular society and reflects unique cultural heritage. John Lyons, an English linguist, pointed that, “language is a part of culture. Differences on the language usage will expose the features of the social culture in terms of the substances, customs and other activities.” (Lyons, 1977: 30). Therefore, it can be said that the process of learning a target language is a process of learning about the target culture.
1.2 The Relation between Translation and Culture
Translation makes it possible to communicate between different cultures. However, translation has its limitations to an extent. Many of the functions and connotations of language cannot be “translated” at all literally, but have to resort to analysis and explanation to make out the hidden implications that they contain. In other words, it is necessary to set up a kind of according cultural context based on a sufficient and thorough understanding of culture of the target language.
Translation does not merely deal with the exchange of literal meaning, but also transferring the cultural communication of the language families and different information. So it is not merely an act of transference between languages, but it is a matter of spirit communication closely related to every aspect of the subjective world. To some extent, the translation acts are the response, communication, perception, understanding and interacting between the human being and the physical world. Undoubtedly, the relation of culture and translation is characterized by their indivisibility.
In the last twenty years, it has been universally acknowledged that literary translation is not merely transformation of language signals, but transformation of culture, since translation has a close interactive relationship with culture. Translation has been replaced by “intercultural communication”(Christiance Nord, 1991), “intercultural cooperation” (Holz Manttari,1984:17), “acculturation” (Andre Lefevere, 1992), or “tranculturation” (R.D.Shaw,1988).
Therefore, the translators should try to reduce the difficulties caused by cultural difference and to develop cultural exchanges between different nationalities. The translator needs to have a thorough understanding of the operation target－the language. Without being fully aware of the nature of language, it is impossible to discuss culture from the viewpoint of translation. Nowadays, in international communication and information exchange, translation as a cross-culture event becomes more and more important in dealing with the problem of cultural transmission. So translators necessarily put more emphasis to cultural differences in cross-cultural transfer in translation.

Chapter Two Translation Fundamentals
2.1 The Essence of Translation
Vermeer views translation as primarily “a cross-cult本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。