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　　　本章首先对生态女性主义作为一种运动，作为一种文学理论作了介绍，为全文的研究奠定了理论基础。在后者的一部分里，本章阐述了薇拉·凯瑟的生态女性主义想法，从反人类中心主义和反主义两个方面分别进行了描述。This chapter first gives an introduction to ecofeminism both as a movement and as a literary theory, which lays a theoretical foundation for the whole thesis. https://www.51lunwen.org/yywxlw/ In the latter part, this chapter expatiates on Willa Cather’s ecofeministic ideas from two aspects respectively — anti-anthropocentrism and anti-androcentrism.

　　　
1.1Theory of Ecofeminism女性主义理论

Ecofeminism, as a movement, first appears in the 1970s and has become more prominent since the early 1990s. It originates from the cohesion of feminist and ecological thinking and the belief that the domination and oppression of women is closely related to the abuse of the natural environment. Ecofeminism fights against anthropocentrism and androcentrism and advocates to change the ideology that human beings dominate nature and men dominate women. It criticizes the patriarchal cultural values which can lead to exploitation and dominance, and praises the nature of women, but not from an entirely essentialist position.
　　　The term ecofeminism is first coined by the French feminist Francoise d’Eaubonne in order to call public attention to women’s irreplaceable role in ecological revolution. In 1952, Simone de Beauvoir points out that “woman is oppressed by virtue of her others; woman is the other because she is not man. Man is free, self–determined being who defines the meaning of his existence; woman is the other, the object, whose meaning is determined for her.” (Beauvoir, 1952: 114) In 1980, a conference named “Women and the Environment” is hosted at Berkeley. The attendants argue that there is a connection between women and nature that comes from their shared history of oppression by a patriarchal society and this connection also comes from the positive identification of women with nature. A central tenet in ecofeminism is that male ownership of land lead to a dominant culture, mainly manifested in the exploitation of people, the tragedy of the non-dominant groups and an abusive land ethic, in which animals and land are valued only as economic resources. It emphasizes a deep respect for all creatures throughout the world and stresses the interrelationship and mutual dependence among humans, non-human others and the land.
　　　Women’s “underdevelopment” is not because of lacking participation in the expansion of the world. The reason hidden behind this phenomenon is that women pay the price but do not get equivalent interest. Economic growth is the new form of colonialism. During this process, both men and women get impoverished, especially women. Women’s position has declined in income and employment, while the workload has increased. A general fact begins to reveal itself before us that women are the biggest victims of the environmental problems. Industrialization, urbanization and monetary economy accelerate land desertification and lead to water and air pollution, which bring women a direct injury. Women have a special connection to the environment in their daily life and become expert with their holistic and ecological knowledge of nature’s process. But the dominators cannot see this, and they just view the world in terms of a self-contained “self” and a separate “other”. In their eyes, the world consists of two parts: the self here and e本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。