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本文采用了波伏娃的他者理论和《第二性》中的内在与超越概念。波伏娃将超越定义为主动的、创造性的、向前投射到未来的，而内在定义为被动的、内在的、以维持物种为中心的。

Chapter One Women in the Patriarchal Culture

1.1 The Reification of Women

The concept of patriarchy lies at the heart of many feminist theories. It attempts to explain  the  stratification  of  power  and  privilege  by  gender  that  many  objective measures can observe. From the ancient Greek patriarchies, patriarchy was a society where power was held by and passed down through the elderly males. When modern historians and sociologists describe a “patriarchal society,” they mean that men hold the positions of power and have more privilege: head of the family unit, leaders of social groups, the boss in the workplace, and heads of government. In patriarchy, there is also a hierarchy among men. In traditional patriarchy, the older adults had power over the younger generations of men. In modern patriarchy, some men hold more power (and privilege) under the position of authority, and this hierarchy of power (and privilege) is considered acceptable. The term  comes  from pater or father. Father or  father-figures hold  the  authority  in  patriarchy.  Traditional  patriarchal  societies  are  usually  also patrilineal — titles and property are inherited through male lines. The patriarchy has a long history in Western society, and it is also an essential component of society. The patriarchal  thought  continually  exists  in  society,  but  its  influence  is  continuously weakened,  from  being  a  mainstream  ideology  to  being  criticized.  Furthermore,  this change shows in Madame Butterfly and M. Butterfly. 

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1.2 The Resistance of Women

In a patriarchal society, men are the pillar of society and the pillar of the family. Men held power and privilege. Men are absolute the Subject and women are absolute the Other; women can only rely on men to live. Marriage is the only way to rely on men and receive blessing from men. According to Beauvoir, “Woman, as slave or vassal, is integrated within families dominated by fathers and brothers, and she has always been given  in  marriage  by  certain  males  to  other  males.”  (The  Second  Sex:  416)  This performance  reflects  the  negative  impact  of  the  patriarchal  society  criticized  by Beauvoir. Also, in a patriarchal society, women are oppressed by men; they are not able to  independently  live  a  comfortable  life  as  they  expected.  It  seems  that  having  a relationship with a man and marrying him is the only way to change women’s lives. Cio-Cio-San and Song Liling take different strategies when they face the oppression created by men.

In  M.  Butterfly,  Song  Liling  also  faces  Gallimard’s  oppression,  and  Song  fights against the oppression by skillfully manipulating Gallimard. Firstly, Song pretends that he is a woman. She does not profou本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。