摘要:Due to the continuous cultural communication between West and China, the thinking patterns have been influencing and penetrating with each other. Besides, the expression of both Chinese and English languages has been interwoven.
e does not have a strict rule of the word order in its sentence. Although there may be no subjects in several sentences of a chapter, Chinese people can still learn the whole meaning correctly with the help of the interrelation of each sentence. On the contrary, English sentences could not be understood if the structure is incomplete.
3.1 Syntactic Differences between Chinese and English
3.1.1 Parataxis and Coherence in Chinese
Chinese does not have very strict rules of grammar in sentences, or the consistence between subject and predicate. But it is full of variety, complex and flexibility that turns out to be parataxis. Besides, Chinese language attaches importance to logic sequence, function and meaning of every sentence. Although there is not any conjunction between each sentence, they can link them up smoothly and show coherence of Chinese language. One of the best examples that can explain this phenomenon is Chinese ancient poetry, especially poems of Tang dynasty. For example, 清明时节雨纷纷,路上行人欲断魂。借问酒家何处有,牧童遥指杏花村(杜牧《清明》). There are mostly four sentences in one poem, so every word must be considered again and again. Although conjunctions are seldom been used, the whole meaning and beauty would never be weakened.
Mostly, either speakers or listeners would not highly pay attention to whether the structure of every sentence is complete or not. Sometimes there is just one word, but the whole meaning is clear enough. For instance, 阿Q没有家,(他)住在未庄的土谷祠里;(他)也没有固定的职业。只给人家做短工,(人家叫他)割麦(他)便割麦,(人家叫他)舂米(他)便舂米,(人家叫他)撑船(他)便撑船(鲁迅《阿Q正传》). Although words in brackets are omitted, the whole coherence and meaning have never been affected. Moreover, because the role of tense is not been taken importance to, people do not need to pay extra attention to the variety of tense, voice or aspect. Therefore, due to the coherence of each sentence, there is no need adding any transitional words that role nothing.
Chinese belongs to a totally parataxis system that has an unclear classification of words. It is also quite difficult to judge which class a word belongs to according to its affix.
3.1.2 Hypotaxis and Consistence in English
In contrast, English takes emphasis on hypotaxis and consistence. Thus, the connection of words in formal and grammatical structure has to be analyzed attentively. Different components can be handed together by relative words, conjunctions, prepositions and other means. For example, “He came in just the day before from Georgia where he had spent his vacation basking in Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job which he had be engaged on in the south.” The key words “where”, “after” and “which” connect every element of the sentence properly and convey hypotaxis of English. And, in order to keep structure of one sentence completely, it is quite common to read long sentences every here and there.
There is not any difficulty in understanding those long sentences for westerners, but for those who do not regard English as their native language; it will be one of the major barriers in learning English. Especially for Chinese people, as they are always feeling puzzled about all kinds of grammatical rules which demand high consistence of tense, aspect, voice and mood.
In order to keep hypotaxis and show word class, English vocabulary has a great number of prefix, infix and suffix that can distinct the characteristic of
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