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ed referrals to a treatment program and welfare services (usual care). The other group received ICM in addition to the substance use disorders treatment and other services available to the usual care group.9 The comparison sample received services offered to all welfare recipients. Participants We collected data on a sample of 302 substance-dependent and 150 non-substance dependent women receiving TANF. We recruited participants from welfare offices in an urban area, Essex County, New Jersey. Recruitment procedures and the demographics for both the substance-dependent and non-substance-dependent samples have been described in detail elsewhere.9,18 Other than substance dependence status, analyses revealed that the substance-dependent and comparison samples demonstrated significant demographic differences. 18 The substance-dependent sample comprised women who were significantly older, more likely to be Black, had more children, and had been on welfare a greater number of years compared with the comparison sample.18,19 These demographic differences are consistent with those found in a study of a representative sample of TANF clients in New Jersey post-welfare reform.20 Formal selection criteria for all participants were (1) being TANF eligible, (2) having entered New Jersey's welfare-to-work program without being deferred for a medical problem, and (3) being able to speak English well enough to complete an interview. In addition, the substance-dependent women were identified and eligible for the study if they also met criteria for a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition 21 (DSM-IV), substance dependence diagnosis. Women in the comparison sample did not meet criteria for any substance use disorder in the previous 5 years. Furthermore, we excluded women from the study if they were psychotic, receiving or seeking methadone treatment, seeking long-term residential treatment, or currently stably engaged in substance abuse treatment. Study Interventions We randomly assigned women in the substance-dependent sample to 1 of the 2 treatment groups: usual care or ICM. Study interventions and the monitoring of treatment fidelity and discriminability are described in further detail elsewhere.9 ICM was a manual-guided intervention (the manual is available upon request). During the first phase of ICM, case managers identified tangible barriers to treatment entry and provided needed services. Once clients entered treatment, case managers assisted treatment facility staff by coordinating needed services and met with clients weekly. Clients also received vouchers as incentives for attending substance use disorders treatment. Case manager contact with clients was monitored and devoted to each person according to need and phase of treatment. Case management services were provided throughout the 24-month follow-up period. Women randomly assigned to the usual care group met with a clinical care coordinator who reviewed their need for substance use disorders treatment and referred them to care. If clients failed to attend a first session of treatment, outreach was limited to several phone calls and letters. Clients had the option of returning for reassessment during the 24 months of study participation. Measures We determined substance use diagnoses with the DSM-IV Structured Clinical Interview. 22 The alcohol and drug portions of the Addiction Severity Index-Expanded Female Version provided the core measure o