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Chapter Three Theoretical Framework..... 19
3.1 Halliday's interpersonal function in systemic functional grammar .... 19
3.2 Modality in Halliday’s interpersonal function ...... 20
3.2.1 Modal type ........ 20
3.2.2 Modal expressions ...... 21
3.2.3 Modal value and polarity ...... 26
3.2.4 Orientation ........ 27
Chapter Four Modality Analysis of the Business English Letters...... 29
4.1 An overview of the collected letters ...... 29
4.2 Modal expression .....32
4.3 Modal values .......42
4.4 Orientation......44
4.5 Contrastive analysis of modality between refusal.....45
4.5.1 Similarities of the two kinds of letters ......46
4.5.2 Differences in the two kinds of letters.......46
Chapter Five Conclusion ....49
5.1 Major findings .....49
5.1.1 Conclusion of modality features .... 49
5.1.2 For interpersonal function ..... 50
5.2 Limitations of the current study ........51

Chapter Four Modality Analysis of the Business English Letters of Bad News

4.1 An overview of the collected letters
As stated in the previous chapters (2.3.2), business English letters of bad news canbe categorized into two broad types: refusal letters and non-refusal letters. The authorchooses 34 letters all together to make further study on the expressions of interpersonalmodality, with 17 for each. Owing to the daily frequency and the importance of Englishin business, this paper is based on a wide consideration on the international businessletters for all occasions. To be more exact, refusal letters contain request refusal, creditrefusal, claim refusal, adjustment refusal during all the processes of the ongoinginternational business. As to non-refusal letters, they include three sub-types asreminders, claims and complaints, and announcing the mistaken operations.
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Conclusion

Generally speaking, when a piece of bad news is conveyed, the writer of the letteralways adopts some techniques in the organization of the contents to avoid the reader'sinner resistance. That is to say, a neutral opening, positive explanation, telling bad news,and positive ending should be organized in a proper order. Besides, to achieve a goodcommunicative purpose, the usage of the expression of attitudes and judgments shouldbe also considered. Naturally, various kinds of modality expressions are of the issue,including finite modal operator, modal adjunct, expansion of predicator and metaphor ofmodality, and thus the interpersonal meanings in the letter exchanging are finallyrealized.To be more specific in study in modal expressions, we can find that there are somedifferences in use in the four stages and in the two kinds of letters.Firstly, through the overall analysis, it is found that finite modal operator andmodal adjunct are the most commonly used in the collected business English letters ofbad news, while metaphor of modality and expansion of predicator also play asupporting role in the expression of writer’s views and attitudes. Turning to one of thesubcategories of modality system, namely, the values, we can find modal operator withmedian value are the most commonly used, as it can make the message or therequirements delivered neither too intensely nor too understated.
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