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In addition to the 8 attributes, transformational nursing leaders are assertive, active listeners, and self-confident yet humble. These leaders also empower others to become leaders, communicate decisively, use emotional control and time-management techniques, delegate effectively, and display a genuine love for others (Davidhizar, 1993, Trofino, 2000, Perra, 2000 & Dunham, 2000). Transformational nursing leaders have many mutually reinforcing leadership qualities that allow them to thrive in environments that foster networking, change, political awareness, and collaboration (Davidhizar, 1993, Trofino, 2000 & Swanson, 2000).

Background:——背景

Leadership Styles——领导风格

Leadership has been studied in a variety of disciplinary fields from Psychology, military, education, management to healthcare, and more recently in nursing. Yet within these fields, the most common conceptualizations of leadership include four elements as central to their definition: leadership (a) is a process, (b) entails influence, (c) occurs within a group setting or context, and (d) involves achieving goals that reflect a common vision ([Hunt, 2004], [Northouse, 2004], [Shaw, 2007] and [Shortell and Kaluzny, 2006]). Commonly used previous termleadershipnext term theories including transformational previous termleadershipnext term and more recently, emotionally intelligent previous termleadershipnext term have guided nursing previous termleadershipnext term research and interventions, presumably due to their emphasis on relationships as the foundation for effecting positive change or outcomes (Hibberd and Smith, 2006). For this review, we used Northouse's definition of previous termleadershipnext term - 'a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal' (Northouse, 2004). This influence of previous termleadershipnext term can be simplistically categorized into approaches that focus on people and relationships to achieve the common goal, and those that focus on the tasks to be accomplished. Examples of relationally focused previous termleadership stylesnext term include transformational previous termleadershipnext term which motivates others to do more than they originally intended and often more than they thought possible (Bass and Avolio, 1994), individualized consideration, which focuses on understanding the needs of each follower and works continuously to get them to develop to their full potential (Avolio et al., 1999), and resonant previous termleadershipnext term that inspires, coaches, develops and includes others even in the face of adversity ([Boyatzis and McKee, 2005] and [Goleman et al., 2002]). Transformational leaders use idealized influence, inspiration and motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration to achieve superior results (Avolio et al., 1999), and resonant previous termstylesnext term are based on the emotional intelligence of the leaders (Boyatzis and McKee, 2005).

In contrast, task focused (non-relationally focused) previous termleadership stylesnext term are primarily management by exception, laissez-faire, transactional previous termleadership,next term dissonant previous termleadership styles,next term and instrumental previous termleadership.next term Active Management-by-Exception focuses on monitoring task execution for any problems that might arise and correcting those