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only a littleabout this (1968:225). A clause is not just a combination of disordered words, butinvolves a complicated internal structure. A comprehensive description ofnominalization and the theoretical frameworks of this study would be given in thischapter.In 1924，Jespersen first mentioned nominalization in his book the Philosophy ofGrammar, then linguists tried to analyze nominalization from different dimensions.Transformational grammarians focused on the relationship between verbs and theircorresponding derivate nouns, while linguists of systemic functional grammar,represented by Halliday, pay more attention to the shifting of grammatical meaning inthe process of nominalization and its relative metafunctions. Different schools havetheir own definitions about nominalization, which will be elaborated in the followingparts. This part will begin with Jespersen,s study, for he is the first linguist studyingnominalization from the perspective of systemic functional grammar.
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2.2 Grammatical Metaphor and Nominalization
The first people who studies metaphor was Aristotle, he defined metaphor as thetransference of a word from one thing to another (Daji He, 2007)，which was calledlexical metaphor. However, the phenomenon of metaphor is more complicated thanAristotle thought. Halliday further supplemented the concept of metaphor in his bookAn Introduction to Functional Grammar in 2000. He considered that the metaphor isnot only a variation in the meaning of a given expression, but also variation in theexpression of a given meaning. According to Halliday, people can leam the lexicaland grammatical metaphor by differentiating signifier and signified. Metaphorphenomenon does not restrict to LM (lexical metaphor) or GM (grammaticalmetaphor). They can be co-existed, and show the same metaphorical strategy.SFG (Systemic Functional Grammar) believed that people express meaningthrough two different forms: congruency and incongruency. Congruent form is howpeople speak and communicate in daily life. We can quote from Thompson'sdefinition： it is closer to the state of affairs in external world (Thompson, 1996: 164).It is unmarked language and a direct expression. In congruent refers to indirect,marked, and metaphorical expression (Halliday, 2000:343). According to Halliday(1998:189), one single sentence could express meaning from two dimensions:semantic and lexicogrammatical meanings. Both two dimensions of expressingmeaning can realize three metaftinctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textualfunctions.

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Chapter 3 Methodology .........26
3.1 Data Collection........ 26
3.2 Methods of Data Analysis........ 27
Chapter 4 Distribution of Five Types of nominalization........ 29
4.1 Transference from Quality to Entity........ 30
4.2 Transference from Process to Entity........ 34
4.3 Transference from Circumstance to Entity........ 36
4.4 Transference from Relator to Entity........ 40
4.5 Transference from Zero to Entity........ 41
Chapter 5 Findings and Results........ 45
5.1 Ideational Function ........45
5.2 Interpersonal Function........ 53
5.3 Textual Function ........58

Chapter 5 Findings and Results

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