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g the design phase, design review submittals or status drawing should be issued at prescribed intervals and a set of documents will be sent to the permitting authorities for their review. According to Calin (2003), it mentions that the 90% design submittals should be the completed set of bid documents. At the beginning, the project manager has to determine the frequency of submittals to be prepared and the purpose of these submittals. On the other hand, once changes are needed, it is too late to make the changes during construction. It is less expensive to make the changes before the contract is let. When design is finished, a client may advertise and request proposals for competitive bids or a negotiated contract. Especially when project financing is based on public funds, the competitive bids are required.
Design costs generally equivalent to less than 1% of the construction project life-cycle costs, but it is account for more than 75% percentage of impact on this project. This shows that the design quality of the entire project is essential to the effectiveness of the design phase of the cost control to improve the design quality. But the building design process is a complex relation between skills, judgment, knowledge, information and time.
Calin( 2003) said, the optimum solution is that which is obtained within the constraints imposed by such factors as:
 Statutory obligations;
 Technical feasibility;
 Environmental standards;
 Site conditions;
 Cost.
In design cost, it is difficult to translate all tributes into a common unit value.
The role of the design cost planner is to provide information to the initial and future costs planning, depends on this, the design team can make a clear decision of overhead costs. The responsibility to provide the costs must be the whole team, not only the building estimator. However, the building estimator should be a main contribution people. According to Richard (2007), in theory the team will pool their combined knowledge for the benefit of the client, whose representative should wherever possible be a member of the team and play a part in the corporate decision- making process. As with any group activity, the composition of the team should be carefully planned to avoid vociferous member unduly influencing the final decision. This can influence the whole decision of the team and impact on the final cost of the building.

Chapter 4
CONSTRUCTION COSTS
4.1 The Groundwork and Foundations
Before the construction start, estimators are usually consider all of the drawing details carefully in order to obtain comprehensive information, and then check to ensure that the drawings have been completed and have enough details to ensure that no lack of measurement information. During the start time, sometimes it is possibly to dismantle the existing buildings, the felling of trees, fences and other similar work. These costs are depends on the environmental conditions.
Some contracts involve alterations to existing buildings and these are sometimes termed “spot items” and are normally kept together in a separate section of the bill of quantities possibly headed “Demolitions and Alterations”, with some of the items covered by Provisional Sums, where the full extent of the work involved cannot be accurately 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。