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thirty-two also helped change the balance of power in American politics. Roosevelt brought new kinds of Americans to positions of power: Labor union leaders. Roman Catholics. Jews. Blacks. Americans from families that had come from places such as Italy, Ireland and Russia.

 

These Americans repaid Roosevelt by giving the Democratic Party their votes.

 

(MUSIC)

The nineteen twenties and thirties also brought basic changes in how Americans dealt with many of their social and economic problems.

 

The nineteen twenties generally were a period of economic growth with little government intervention in the day-to-day lives of the people. But the terrible conditions of the Great Depression during the nineteen thirties forced Roosevelt and the federal government to experiment with new policies.

 

The government began to take an active role in offering relief to the poor. It started programs to give food and money to poor people. And it created jobs for workers.

 

The government grew in other ways. It created major programs for farmers. It set regulations for the stock market. It built dams, roads and airports.

 

American government looked much different at the end of this period between the world wars than it did at the beginning.

 

Government had become larger and more important. It dealt with many more issues in people's lives than it ever had before.

 

(MUSIC)

Social protest increased during the nineteen twenties and thirties. Some black Americans began to speak out more actively about unfair laws and customs. Blacks in great numbers moved from the southern part of the country to northern and central cities.

 

The nineteen twenties and thirties also were a time of change for women. Women began to wear less conservative kinds of clothes.

 

Washing machines and other inventions allowed them to spend less time doing housework. Women could smoke or drink in public, at least in large cities. And many women held jobs.

 

Of course, the women's movement was not new. Long years of work by such women's leaders as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony had helped women win the constitutional right to vote in nineteen twenty.

 

(MUSIC – Gershwin "Rhapsody in Blue")

The nineteen twenties and thirties also were important periods in the arts.

 

George Gershwin wrote his "Rhapsody in Blue" originally for piano and jazz band. It later went on to become a symphony concert favorite.

 

(MUSIC – Gershwin "Second Rhapsody for Piano and Orchestra")

Writers such as Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, Eugene O'Neill and others made this what many called the "Golden Age" of American writing. Frank Lloyd Wright and other architects designed great buildings for American cities. Film actors like Clark Gable, and radio entertainers like Jack Benny did more than make Americans laugh or cry. They also helped unite the country. Millions of Americans could watch or listen to the same show at the same time.

 

(MUSIC)

Politics. The economy. Social traditions. Art. All these changed for Americans during the nineteen twenties and thirties. And many of these changes also had effects in countries beyond America's borders.

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