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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 thesis登出时间:2013-08-29编辑:yangcheng点击率:3252
论文字数:970论文编号:org201308282045325300语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文
摘要:大量的税收以不合理的比价支付物资与服务。明中期,为了弥补财政赤字,就可能扩大它的货币价值。 定额制度和税收收入的不足,上级政府通常都将财政责任推给下一级政府,下一级政府为了弥补赤字不得不尽其所能,转嫁到百姓身上。
3 Imbalances
Although the budget revenue from land tax scale was identified as the highest grain stone around 27 million, but government spending can not always be limited to the specified levels. During the reign of Emperor Yongle, construction as well as the palace six voyages, making the actual cost far exceeding the national fiscal income levels normal, presumably to reach annual revenue of 2-3 times. According to the Ministry of Shangshu Guo financing reporting, from 1491 to 1421 fiscal year, the land tax revenue imperial granary stone grain levy amount is less than 2300, an annual average of less than 800 million stone. A lot of taxes to pay unreasonable parity goods and services. Mid-Ming, in order to offset deficits, it could expand its monetary value. Quota system and the lack of tax revenue, higher levels of government usually put under a financial responsibility to the government, under a government in order to cover the deficit had to do everything, be passed on to the people who.
For additional levy consumption to make up for the financial expenditure has actually become another way. This increase consumption costs are often astonishing, even to pay taxes for more than half. Even into the 16th century silver fold satisfied, consumption and other names will also be deployed inside Canada has become a fixed income. However, due to the huge cost when added, making the burden of the people, people are discontent over time. In order to quell discontent and to reduce the consumption of transit, Golden Silver conform to the historical development of the appearance. Grain tax discount silver and silver folding lord, after the mid-evident gradually implemented. This is the Chinese ancient liturgical regime is a major step forward. It is the land tax revenue from the separation of permanently fixed 15 percent, making the country the nominal and actual income has generated another difference between.
Ming imperial clan king pro, hereditary officers, along with the tradition from generation to generation, resulting in redundant very serious. In 1371, there are 12,980 people in the Hongwu final rose to 28,000. To 1520 or so, military staff has more than 100,000 people, among them most of the people living in the capital. Their salary paid from the evolution of silver, only a part of the food is provided by the Ministry. The number of personnel on the salary book more income per person less, the royal clan is also true. Grain affected by the redundancies is more serious, making Grain transported to the capital's once great number fluctuations. 1472, it is basically fixed for the annual 4 million stone, removing border troops destined for the town, the capital Grain disposable amounted 3.7 million stone.
Royal salary expenditures, but also is a huge expense. Hongwu twenty-eight meters for the royal clan Paul have a relatively complete statute.