全球化影响的差异分析作业 [6]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:作业 Assignment登出时间:2014-09-22编辑:yangcheng点击率:8231
论文字数:3596论文编号:org201409221242181656语种:英语 English地区:马来西亚价格:免费论文
关键词:分析作业Globalisation effects全球化影响经济力量
摘要:世界正在面临着全球化的挑战,本文是一篇全球化影响的差异的留学生作业,普雷维什 (1972年)不再单以经济的角度或作为一个同质系统来看世界,而是作为两个不同的区域:经济力量的中心——欧洲和美国,以及外围实力较弱的国家——拉丁美洲,非洲和亚洲。
-trade across primary products and manufactures and across imports and exports of manufactures by developing countries are useful, the basic issue is really about movements in the terms-of-trade faced by developing countries that trade mostly with developed countries. This article conducts an exercise in that direction and reports trends in commodity (net barter) terms-of-trade of developing countries for about the past thirty years since 1970. The trends are reported for individual developing countries that have usable data and also for the entire group of nonoil developing countries and the group of industrial countries.
Rami (2002) reports trends in commodity net barter terms of trade for individual developing countries as well as the groups of nonoil developing nations and industrial countries since 1970. While there are some cases of positive trends, the overall scenario is of sizable negative trends for most developing countries over the thirty-year period 1970 to 1999. There is, however, some improvement between 1980 and 1999. Seven additional points are noted. First, the observed trends are perhaps largely due to a sizable fall in nonoil commodity prices and a substantial increase in prices of manufactures imported by developing countries from developed countries relative to the prices of the developing countries’ exports of manufactures. Second, the reported trends are broadly consistent with the original and later versions of Prebisch-Singer hypotheses. Third, although it is difficult to relate such trends to any historical event over the period, oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 probably raised developing countries’ import prices in the 1970s and the 1980s, but the opposite shock of the mid-1980s may have offset most of that increase. Fourth, despite the predominance of negative trends over the thirty-year period that was marked by a large increase in developing countries’ exports of manufactures, a simple test indicates that such an increase is likely to improve their terms-of-trade, implying that the trends would probably have been worse without the expansion of exports of manufactures. Fifth, although such trend estimates are useful, some caveats may be kept in view while interpreting these. Sixth, the extension by Singer (1975) of the original Prebisch-Singer hypothesis can be broadened to include the proposition that developing countries’ disadvantage in trade in services might be at least as much as that for the trade in manufactures. Lastly, Singer’s (1975) discussion suggests that technology is a primary vehicle for reducing developing countries’ disadvantage in international exchange and that a sizable international organization to generate and disseminate technology that is useful and appropriate for developing countries might be an important step toward mitigating that disadvantage.
In conclusion, given the recent global financial crisis that has mainly made an impact the North, and a primary commodity price boom since 2005 in raw materials and agricultural goods should see a convergence, although this is likely to be small, and require the less developed countries to be able to sell their surplus, if any exists after food shortages and government restrictions to ensure food securities. The world price in food change should obviously shift the terms of trade for the less developed countries but it will depend on the international demand for these goods as to how much, if at all, the South co
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