The Public Market - Company Managers Should be Public Actors Rather than Private Agents [6]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:学术文章 Scholarship Essay登出时间:2015-06-18编辑:g790726705点击率:11544
论文字数:5657论文编号:org201506120853442297语种:英语 English地区:马来西亚价格:免费论文
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t's dependence upon public agencies, the description of business as 'private' enterprise is bewildering. 'Private' here means that business transactions are between private individuals and firms. At the same time, the market is 'public' in that anyone may voluntarily enter and participate in market affairs. Market freedom appears genuine, however, only for those with sufficient capital or managerial power to compel others to do their bidding. Moreover, information on firms that trade shares on the stock exchanges is 'public' so that all investors have access to knowledge needed to forecast a firm's future performance. The market is 'public' in another, quite different sense, as well, because what goes on there affects not only the participants, but the whole society. If we are to speak of private enterprise in public markets, we had best consider more carefully what 'public' and 'private' really mean in this context.
Hanna Pitkin proposes that 'public' carries three crucial meanings: (1) open or accessible to others; (2) having a far-ranging effect or influence, and (3) under the direction or control of the people at large. (15) Certainly, the market and its institutions are public in the first and second senses. They are public in the third sense only insofar as government regulations, social pressures, and the 'social responsibility' of business people limit business transactions to those compatible with the well-being of society. Of course, the freedom of the market, in many ways, is in the interest of the people. Therefore, there should be limits to the limits placed upon market activity, so as not to crush the ingenuity and daring that market freedom encourages.
Pitkin draws her notion of 'public' from a critical study of Hannah Arendt's notion of public or political action. For Arendt, political or public action is not limited to government. Whenever people come together in order to discuss critically their common world with its problems so that they can exchange perspectives, conceive courses of action, decide upon one, and act for the sake of their world, they are engaged in public action. Public action requires courage for those who engage in it must step out of their private lives into a public space to be heard, interrogated, and criticized by their fellows. Public action, which Arendt traces to the beginnings of democracy in the ancient world, is also a form of freedom for those who partake of it, who step out of the enclosed world of private necessity and desire, by helping to create a world for themselves and for those who follow them. Public action is not a form of self-denial; it is a form of self-fulfillment — 'public happiness' — that comes from expressing one's true individuality by speaking and acting from one's unique perspective for the sake of what is shared. (16) Pitkin's sharpest insight in her critique of Arendt is to propose that people need not gather together in a physical space in order to engage in public thought and deed. Public action displays an 'attitude' that liberates one from self-absorption in private interests, so that one is able to participate in the world-building activity of responsible and engaged people whether or not one acts in physical concert with others. This does not mean one denies one's private perspective or gives up one's self-interested projects, but that one is able to shift back and forth purposefully between private and public standpoints and choos
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