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y diluted version of what he has hitherto robustly asserted. In his replyhe presents the dimensions of national culture as mere ‘constructs’ and hestates that ‘in many practical cases [culture] is redundant and economic,political or institutional factors provide better explanations’ (emphasisadded). Quite so, but the anti-realist title of his reply and the aberrant quotation
from the 1980 version of Culture’s consequences (p. 14) are at odds
with the emphatic empirical claims he makes throughout his books and
articles to have found, indeed measured, distinct, enduring and uni-causalnational cultures. ‘No part of our lives’, Hofstede states, ‘is exempt from1 3 6 4 Human Relations 55(11)

Hofstede’s evasive reply reinforces my belief in the correctness of that judgement.
Scholarship requires of its practitioners a vital minimum of intellectual
independence – the capacity to achieve some distance from one’s prejudices;to discard previously held interpretations that do not pass tests of evidence;the unwillingness to ignore available counter-evidence; and the readiness toenter into and openly engage with rival views. Hofstede’s writings and hisantagonistic, partisan promotion of his work repeatedly fail these tests.
Acknowledgement
Thanks to David Collins, Paul Gooderham, and especially Sheila Duncan for their
comments.
Notes
1 Adolf Hitler lived in Braunau am Inn, Linz, and Vienna – all in Austria – until he
was 24 years old, by which age he would already, according to Hofstede’s claims
about socialization (1991: 182), have ‘acquired’ an Austrian ‘software of the mind’.
2 According to Hofstede, Austria is the second most ‘masculine’ country, whilst
Sweden is the least ‘masculine’, or the most ‘feminine’ (2001a: 286).
3 In Hofstede’s Masculinity Index, of 50 countries, Ireland is ranked joint seventh,
Great Britain joint ninth, and Spain joint thirty-seventh (2001a: 286).
References
Deluze, G. Coldness and cruelty. New York: Zone Books, 1991.
Hamann, B. Hitler’s Vienna: A dictator’s apprenticeship (T. Thornton, trans.). Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1999.
Hofstede, G. Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values.
Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1980a.
Hofstede, G. Motivation, leadership and organizations: Do American theories apply
abroad? Organizational Dynamics, 1980b, Summer, 42–63.
Hofstede, G. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill,
1991.
Hofstede, G. Riding the waves of commerce: A test of Trompenaar’s ‘model’ of national
culture differences. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 1996, 20, 189–98.
Hofstede, G. Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviours, institutions andorganizations across nations (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks CA: Sage, 2001a.Hofstede, G. In my opinion. European Business Forum, 2001b, 8(Winter), 52–3.
McSweeney, B. Hofstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A
https://www.51lunwen.org/HowlandAssignment/2011/0726/1331353355.htmltriumph of faith – a failure of analysis. Human Relations, 2002, 55, 89–117.
Roche, W.K. & Geary, J.F. Collective production and the Irish boom: Work 荷兰留学生硕士课程作业organisation,partnership and direct involvement in Irish workplaces. Economic & Social Review,
2000, 31, 1–36.
McSweeney The essentials of scholarship 1371

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