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1st Overhead

‘Race’ and Power are connected in two major ways:

 Power to define and represent others

Way this power of definition and representation supports and endorses existing distribution of power in society.

2nd Overhead

 ‘Race’ conflates individuals and groups

 ‘Race’ confuses biological features with cultural identities

 ‘Race’ constructs a hierarchy of human difference

3rd Overhead

 ‘Race’ is an invented category

 ‘Race’ gives an absolute definition to cultural difference

 ‘Race’ takes the dimension of change out of cultural process

4th Overhead

  Biological racism

  Cultural racism

  How distinct are these forms of racism?

5th Overhead

How ‘new’ is this ‘new racism?

(1) Notion of unbridgeable cultural differences has a long history

(2) Both biological and cultural racism based on incommensurability

(3) Cultural racism still based on non-whiteness, with heritage being a camouflage for heredity

(4) Continuity as well as distinction between ‘old’ and ‘new’ racisms

(5) Cultural racism is culturally specific

6th Overhead

An Englishman, a Cuban, a Japanese man and a Pakistani were all on a train.  The Cuban threw a fine Havana cigar out of the window.  When he was asked why, he replied: “They are ten a penny in my country”.  The Japanese man then threw a Nikon camera out of the carriage, adding: “They are ten a penny in my country”.  The Englishman then picked up the Pakistani and threw him out of the train window.  When all the other travellers asked him to account for his actions, he said: “They are ten a penny in my country”,

Ann Winteron, ex-Tory M.P. and Shadow Minister.

MEDICAL EDUCATION IN EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY GERMANY

-- context of concern over national regeneration and unification (finally achieved 1871)

--> regeneration of universities inc. Berlin 1810

-- philosophical training for a new elite of cultural leaders

-- esp. the seminar, learning by doing

-- medical teaching not initially valued in this regard

-- Johannes Müller (1800-1858), Professor of Physiology at Bonn (1828) then Berlin (1833)

-- lectures and basic anatomical training for most students

-- research in the Professor's laboratory for selected students 

-- learning by doing, cf. the philosophy seminar

-- intended to train cultural leaders in medicine
 

THE MEANING OF MULLERIAN PHYSIOLOGY

-- driven not by practical concerns, but rather by a philosophical concern to elucidate the nature of life

-- esp. microscopic studies of the structure of tissues and organs, particularly in relation to function

-- studies also of cell and tissue formation

-- embryology -- Karl Ernst von Baer (1792-1876)

-- physiology aims for holistic explanation

-- the development of the constitutive parts is determined by the needs of the organism as a whole

-- blastema theory of cell formation

-- biological metaphor for the cultural development of the nation state

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