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so divide metacognition into two phases, a planning and anexecution phase. Based on this，Bachman (1990) and Bachman and Palmer (1996)think that metacognitive component includes goal-setting, planning and assessment.O'Malley and Chamot (1990) think that metacognitive behaviors include planning，directed attention, selective attention, self-management, self-monitoring, problemidentification，and self-evaluation.
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2.2 Language learning strategies
One of the earliest researches in this field Rubin (1975, see Griffith 2004)provides a very broad definition of language learning strategies as “ techniques ordevices which a learner may use to acquire knowledge，，. A more specific definition isthat "learning strategies are steps taken by the learner to aid the acquisition，storage，and retrieval of information." (Rigney, 1978) Oxford (1989) views learning strategiesas behaviors or actions that learners use to "make language leaning more successful,self-direct and enjoyable". From these definitions we can conclude that languagelearning strategies are tools that learners use to improve language learning.Later on, learners' consciousness in language learning procedure was valued asRichards and Piatt define language learning strategies as "intentional behaviors andthoughts used by learners during learning so as to better help them understand, learn，or remember new information" (Richards & Piatt, 1992). Griffiths (2007) defineslanguage learning strategies as activities consciously chosen by learners for thepurpose of regulating their own language learning. Some scholars believe that learning strategies also cover the use of the targetlanguage. Cohen specifically points out that language learning strategies are "thoseprocesses which are consciously selected by learners and which may result in actiontaken to enhance the learning of a second or foreign language, through the storage,retention, recall, and application of information about that language" (Cohen 1998) Hecombines language learning strategies and language using strategies together, so thatlanguage learning strategies are steps or actions used by language learners to improveeither learning of a second language or the use of the language or both. Cook (2001).
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3. Methodology.......... 15
3.1 Research Questions......... 15
3-2 Subjects Selection......... 16
3.3 Instrument......... 17
3.4 Data Collection......... 17
3.5 Data Analysis......... 18
4. Results and discussion .........19
4.1 The application of metacognitive strategies.........19 
4.2 Obstacles in the application of metacognitive strategies......... 20
4.2.1 Students' cognition .........20
4.2.2 Learning contents......... 21
4.2.3 Teachers' awareness......... 21
4.3 Model of teachers' metacognitive strategies instruction......... 22

3 Methodology

Learning strategies are closely related to the learning context as well as thelearner's internal processing pReferences. That means that learning strategies are forthe most part unobservable，though some may be associated with observable behaviors.Thus, the only way to find out if the students are using selective strategies 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。