英语论文网

EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY

-- 代写留学生论文established 1584, but remains small and local

-- Scottish Enlightenment

-- Union of Parliaments 1707

-- Scotland searching for political, economic and intellectual identity

-- combination of philosophical and practical culture

-- Edinburgh University medical school est. 1726

-- part of wider bid to make the University a commercial concern

-- offering MD degree, but more practically oriented than e.g. Oxford and Cambridge

-- no religious restrictions --> wide appeal inc. dissenters

-- attracts surgeon-apothecaries as well as aspiring elite

-- growing numbers of private teachers esp. of surgery 
 

MEDICAL EDUCATION AT LEYDEN

-- Herman Boerhaave (1669-1738)

-- adopts Newtonian mechanical philosophy

-- basis for systematic theory of anatomy, chemistry, physiology, materia medica

-- looks to Hippocrates and Sydenham as observers of disease and its treatment

-- developing comprehensive system of pathology and therapeutics

--> systematic curriculum from basic science and natural philosophy to clinical practice

-- this system fits well with the aims of the Edinburgh teachers

-- systematic and integrated curriculum based on the latest natural philosophy, but oriented towards practice

-- commercially successful 

 
ALEXANDER MONRO PRIMUS (1697-1767)

-- Edinburgh surgeon, trained in Leyden

-- appointed to new Edinburgh chair of anatomy 1725

-- teaches also physiology, pathology and surgery

-- all related to anatomical knowledge

-- attracts broad range of students

 -- apprentice surgeons

-- but also many who want to practice medicine -- especially new middle-ranking practitioners

-- anatomy teaching aimed at this group

-- not hands-on dissection, but theory

-- analysis of function as well as structure -- anatomia animata

-- anatomy as important for medicine as for surgery

-- moving towards common basis of practice 
 

CLINICAL TEACHING IN EDINURGH

-- Royal Infirmary est. 1729 for ward walking

-- facilities are limited and students crowd the wards

-- ward walking increasingly replaced from 1750s by more didactic teaching -- clinical lectures

-- patients used to illustrate more general theoretical points

-- cf. London, where students observe practice, clinical lectures come in much more slowly

-- i.e. clinical teaching, like anatomy teaching, in Edinburgh is more academic and theoretical than in London

-- particularly well suited to the needs of surgeon-apothecaries, later general practitioners

HOSPITALS ON THE CONTINENT

-- medieval, religious pre-history
-- growth of hospitals in Ren. Italy - organised around guilds, etc..
-- growth of hospitals in C18
-- state involvement in health care (incl. hospital provision)
-- Enlightenment belief in social progress and prosperity 
-- idea of national strength and prosperity (mercantilism) based on healthy and productive population
-- Allgemeines Krankenhaus in Vienna, Austria (1784)
-- Juliusspital (Wurzburg), Krankenspital (Bamberg) 
-- also Denmark, Sweden, and esp. France
-- gradual shift from multi-functional and 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。