英语论文网

当我们为接受一个断言给出理由的时候就是在做论证（argument），一般而言论证由前提（premise）和结论（conclusion）构成。前提是为另一个断言提供理由的陈述，被前提支持的断言就是论证的结论。我们在英文论文写作中无需像学术论文那样，严格地遵守”前提或假设+实验过程/理论推导过程+结论”一种论证结构，但是最关键的要素应该阐述清楚，即论点和论据，通俗而言，我们在一篇优秀的英文论文写作的主题段落（首段和末段之间的部分）一公会出现3个左右的理由句（分论点），每一个理由句后面会紧跟2—4个支持句，支持句提供论据（包括例子、事实、简单推理等）。很多同学罗列出分论点或理由句之后没有写论据或支持句的习惯或者想不出充足的支持句来或者写出了也只是毫无支持力的空话堆砌，这是思维方面的问题，可以阅读我们之前有关批判性思维的相关文章进行联系；另一点是，支持句写的毫无章法和逻辑可言，语法错误频出，这是对逻辑连接词和语法句式（如让步状语从句、虚拟语气）掌握不足而产生的。

5. 忽视结尾段

绝大多数的学生甚至是培训机构的老师在学习和教授英语写作时，都会着重训练如何去写出一个精彩的开头和饱满的主体，而忽略了作文结尾段落的重要性，要么机械重复前文所讲论点和论据，要么套用模板草草了事，更有甚者会出现一些原则性的错误（比如在结尾处为了拼凑字数而盲目堆砌新的论点等）。一篇逻辑严谨的优秀文章，应该是首尾呼应且应使人有种意犹未尽之感。一般而言，我们应该根据文章的基本观点和论述框架在结尾对其进行paraphrase转述和summarize总结，或者总体升华等。现给出集中撰写结尾段的例子作为参考：

“Reducing class size is not just a matter of relieving pressure. It will enhance what a student learns and even the person they learn it from can learn from the process”（站在高处、对文章进行升华）；

“For these reasons, we can safely conclude that classmates are too important a factor to ignore and they have more important influence than teachers on students’ success at school”（总结全文，转述论点）；

“It goes without saying that both sources are important to us. However, as to me, knowledge from experience is even more important because without experience, it’s almost impossible to understand knowledge from books or to understand how to apply this knowledge in real life.”（强烈对比，深化立场）；

“I would like to say that I personally agree that formal education at an early age offers children benefits at all levels and therefore is more important than letting them play. After all, kids can always play after school but learning at school stimulates their brain growth and puts them in competitive social settings, which is indeed irreplaceable experience for such a critical stage of life.”（语气委婉顺应全文）