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undation-Year English courses and improve the teaching strategies to overcome the students’ deficiencies in writing paragraphs. Sanja (2019) found that more frequent use of reference, primarily demonstrative, in the English abstracts implies that their authors use those structures not only to achieve better textual cohesion and density of expression, but also to guide their readers through the text. Especially, the combination of demonstratives and the definite article with general and other nouns leads to the interlacing of lexical and grammatical cohesion, thus providing a wider range of expressions, argumentation, and generalization. 

Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework

2.1 Definitions of Relevant Concepts

The conduction of this study is based on concepts of the text and textuality, cohesion, and cohesive devices. Firstly, the research subjects (business reviews) will be studied as text units on the text level. And cohesion is one of the principles of textuality. Finally, cohesive devices play significant roles in connecting text, which according to Halliday and Hasan (1976) could be divided into grammatical cohesive devices and lexical cohesive devices. 

2.1.1 Text and Textuality

According to previous studies, text is a dynamic concept that concerns elements, such linguistics, cognition, and society (Sanna-Kaisa, 2006). Another term discourse, in fact, could cover the content of text. The difference between them is that text refers to a more specific scope in linguistics. Palmer (2016) noted that text refers to any unit of language in terms of both written and spoken. According to most scholars, text is the language that human use for communication or interaction. Fairclough (1992: 269) made a proposal in his article:

The concept of intertextuality points to the productivity of texts, to how texts can transform prior texts and restructure existing conventions (genres, discourses) to generate new ones.  

Fariclough (2003) defined texts as components in social events in his book Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research.  

What creates text is the “textual”, or text-forming in the linguistic system. Textuality is a property shared by all texts, and its definition can be traced back to Beaugrande & Dressler (1981), who endeavored to clarify the notion of text and textuality. Beaugrande and Dressler proposed seven principles of textuality: intentionality, acceptability, informativity, situationality, intertextuality, cohesion, and coherence, which identify the degree of textuality of texts when communications or interactions occur. And cohesion, one of the principles is believed a necessary quality for textuality (Enyi, 2015), which is also widely acknowledged.

2.2 Cohesive Devices

2.2.1 Grammatical Cohesive Devices

In linguistic system, reference is a relation on the semantic level. There are certain items in every language which have the property of reference, in the specific sense. Those items are directives indicating that information is to be retrieved from elsewhere. This type of reference is the specific nature of the information that is marked for retrieval. Situational reference is exophora, while textual reference is endophora. A presupposition that must be satisfied to every instance of reference whether exophoric (situati本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。