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over several echelons in the upstream and downstream supply chain. The positive effects, particularly downstream on the supply chain, include an increasing number of companies accepting voluntary (industry) agreements (KOVáCS, 2008).

Globalization has reflected on more close attention to health and safety practices as well as discrimination and child labour. Globalization (and consumers access to global information) has resulted to a situation where companies can no longer continue outsource the selection of sub-suppliers to their direct foreign suppliers - they need to be informed about the actors in their extended and even ultimate supply chain around the world (KOVáCS, 2008

科技——Technology

New technologies, particularly on the field of Information and Communication (e.g.: internet, mobile phones) have opened new possibilities for consumers track corporate activities and to disseminate information about them. Nongovernmental organizations now regularly draw attention through their websites to business practices that they view as problematic (CANADA, 2006). It has also enabled collective actions from consumers that otherwise would be too expensive and complex to be carried out globally.

ICT is also one of the enablers for the sudden growth of corporate networks tackling issues related to CSR (ex: World Business Council for Sustainable Development). The share of knowledge on social responsible practices among corporations is becoming increasingly easier and faster and even an expectation for those companies enrolling on this journey.

The LENS (Learning Network on Sustainability) is a good example of technology affecting the dissemination of sustainability knowledge. This European funded project integrates 7 universities from Asia and Europe and uses a web-based platform to produce an open learning e-package, a modular package of teaching materials (texts, slide shows, audio, video, etc) and tools for designers that design educators worldwide will be able to download (free of charge), modify/remix and reuse (copy left).

4.6 强制和自愿的规定——4.6 Enforced and Voluntary Regulations

In most countries CSR is pushed by government regulations and policies as well as NGO?′s pressures. Rudge (2008)argues that markets work optimally only if embedded within rules, customs and institutions. Whilst markets themselves require these to survive and thrive, society needs them to manage the adverse effects of market dynamics and produce the public benefits that markets undersupply. Rudge (2008) calls attention to the fact that market pose the greatest risks to society and business itself when their scope and power exceed the institutions that allowed it to operate.

Nevertheless, governments, particularly in some developing countries, may lack the institutional capacity to enforce national laws and regulations against transnational firms doing business in their territory even when the will is there. On these countries governments may also feel constrained from enforcing human right principles by having to compete internationally for investment. Similarly, home States of transnational firms may be reluctant to regulate against overseas harm out of concern that those firms might lose investment opportunities or relocate their investment elsewhere (RUDGE, 2008).

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