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rogram section should also be maintained parallel to this decentralized decision making process.

The sixth need for a management system for financial resources is expressed in the urge to use information so as to improve efficiency and effectiveness. In dealing with efficiency, managers cannot leave research and their findings to research institutions. Efficiency is a relative measure which can only be indicated by various sets of data contrasted over time. This data can therefore be in form of monetary terms such as the cost incurred per a particular number of items produced. Research can be conducted in firms by installing a feedback system. This should then be forwarded to a program-monitoring unit which ahs the full-time responsibility of analyzing data. Information can also be obtained from the firms past records so as to compute input-output ratios which are then compared to come up with a projection of the firm's future expected costs and trends. These are key in determining the approach to be applied in critical situations. Not all data is viable for use in the organization. Hence, it is vital for evaluation criteria to be determined on which data to be collected and analyzed. Unnecessary data should be avoided since it leads to a waste in the firm's time and resources.

In dealing with effectiveness, information is crucial in attaining the firm's set objectives. Effectiveness sets the standards as to which the program achieves the set goals. The system that is in place should be both cost-efficient and effective. This is determined by its impact on the program. External specialists, so as to eliminate bias, are normally used to evaluate the impact. An internal capability model can also be formulated. An unlimited number of these studies can be conducted though the time spent and cost constraints limit this to reasonable number. The outcome analysis should determine whether program is effective at any one particular time as deemed by management. These results are directed at making future program efforts more successful. In conclusion, it is vital to note that those interested in these results need to know whether the firm is productive and efficient. This is measured by input-output analysis and project impact analysis.

Finally, financial management and decision making is crucial in eliminating wastage and misappropriation of resources. Wastage of resources is dominant in public organizations since private firms are profit driven which necessitates the need to maximally use resources. However, across both public and private firms, it is crucial to note that it increases costs while reducing benefits. Wastage is greatly accelerated by poor and slow decision-making processes. This can be reversed by transforming procedures into company policies that address the firm's goals while avoiding unnecessary confusion. These policies should then be administered reasonably and consistently while encouraging co-operation. Misappropriation of the organizations resources occurs when staff members use them for personal gain. This negatively affects the firm's reputation and increases costs. This can be prevented by formulation of policies to deter such behavior.

In conclusion, managing a firm's financial resource requires that those in power to formulate relevant policies and make crucial decisions that safeguard the institution's existing resources while ensuring the firm's continuit