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> Author’s contribution to the papers 4
Introduction 5
Respiration 5
Subglottal pressure 6
Larynx and phonation 7
Cartilages
Vocal folds
Voice source
Formants and articulation 10
Source‐vocal tract interaction 11
Vocal registers 11
Spectral balance 12
Variation of vocal loudness 13
Methods for voice analysis 14
Flow glottogram parameters
Electroglottography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Singing versus speech 18
Singing versus singing‐different singing styles 18
Purpose of the studies 21
Overview of the studies 23
General discussion 41
Conclusions 43
Acknowledgements 44
References 46
Abbrevations
AQ amplitude quotient (Up‐t‐p/ MFDR)
DEGG differentiated EGG signal
dpeak peak derivative of the glottal flow (=MFDR)
EGG electroglottography
F0 fundamental frequency
F1 first formant frequency
Fn n:th formant frequency
H1‐H2 level difference between first the two partials in voice source spectrum
MFDR maximum flow declination rate
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
NAQ normalized amplitude quotient (AQ/T0)
Up‐t‐p glottal peak‐to‐peak flow amplitude
Psub subglottal pressure
Psen normalized excess pressure
Qclosed closed quotient (ratio glottal closed phase time to period time)
SPL sound pressure level
T0 period time
Tcl closed phase time
VPO velopharyngeal opening
Introduction介绍

The voice is the major tool in speech communication. Also, it is possibly the most flexible among musical instruments. The singing voice is unique in the sense that we can not only produce a wide range of pitches and voice qualities with it, but also add words to elucidate and complement our musical expression.Phonation is produced when air expelled from the lungs causes the vocal folds to vibrate. These vibrations generate a pulsating airflow which constitutes an audible source of acoustic energy, i.e., sound. This source sound is controlled by the degree of constriction of the vocal folds, the subglottal pressure, the volume of the airflow, and is modified in the vocal tract. Typically, voiced sounds are all the vowels as well as many consonants. In spoken languages, for example in English, approximately 78% of the phonemes are voiced (Catford 1977). In singing this figure is considerably higher.To produce voiced sounds, three basic systems are involved; the respiratory system, the voice source, and articulation. The respiratory system is a compressor‐like system, controlling breathing and phonation. When speaking habitually, the elastic and muscular forces involved act at an unconscious level but as vocalizing becomes an art, like in stage speech or singing, the control of the respiratory 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。