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un or race' (Webster’s New World Dictionary, 1988) or ashort, swift movement' (Webster’s New World Thesaurus, 1997). Organizeddashes and sprints are commonly of 50 meters, 100 meters, 200 meters,50 yards, 100 yards, and 200 yards in length (Webster’s New WorldThesaurus, 1997). Marathons are a form of long-distance running, whichare on- and off-the-track competitions of more than 3000 meters (Hlus,1997). Specifically, a marathon is a footrace of 42 kilometers, 195meters (26 miles, 385 yards) run over an open course,' or anylong-distance or endurance contest' People who compete in marathons arecalled marathoners (Webster’s New World Dictionary, 1998).Physiologically, there is a fundamental difference between a sprint ordash and a marathon. According to Pritchard (1994), A sprinter canexert maximum force throughout the run, but this is not possible forlonger runs, where propulsive force must be reduced to match energyavailability.'

Historically, marathons are not new events. According to legend, thename marathon is derived from the Greek city, Marathon, to commemoratePheidippides’s run from that city to Athens to announce Greek victoryover the Persians. The marathon was introduced to the Olympics in 1896and today’s official distance was established in 1908. (Hlus, 1997; TheColumbia Encyclopedia, 2005) Today, in addition to marathon races inthe Olympics, many cities throughout the world serve as sites forannual or other periodic marathons (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2005).

A new form of marathon race has recently taken form—the ultramarathon,which is any organized footrace extending beyond the standard marathonrunning distance of 42 kilometers, 195 meters…[they] typically begin at 50 kilometers and extend to enormous distances' (Blaikie, n. d.).Standard distances for ultramarathons are 50 and 100 kilometers and 50and 100 miles (Meyers, 2002) with the longest certified race being theSri Chinmoy, a 2092 kilometer race held annually in New York (Blaikie,n. d.).

The research produced numerous and varied definitions for the termbiomechanics. The following are representative of the findings:

• - The study of the mechanics of a living body, especially of theforces exerted by muscles and gravity on the skeletal structure.' (TheAmerican Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2000).

• - [The] application of mechanical engineering principles andtechniques in the field of medicine and surgery, studying naturalstructures to improve those produced by humans' (The HutchinsonEncyclopedia, 2003).

• - [A] science examining the forces acting upon and within a biologicalstructure, and the effects produced by those forces' (The University ofCalgary, n. d.).

• - [T]he science that deals with forces and their effects, applied to biological systems' (Freivalds, 2004).

• - [T]he application of the principles and techniques of mechanics to the human body in motion' (Snowden, 2001).

• - Biomechanics is a specific field which evaluates the motion of aliving organism…and the actions of forces on that organism…acombination of several different areas of study [including] anatomy andphysi本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。