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【摘要】《老人与海》是海明威最优秀的小说之一，它曾使作者荣获诺贝尔文学奖．海明威在他的小说创作中，塑造了一系列 “硬汉彤象”，而《老人与海》则把硬汉精神升华到寓言的高度，在美国文学史上占有重要地位作者围绕 “^永不言肢”的主题，在。老人形象塑造上运用了肖像描写正面叙述环境烘托心理描写、对话或被白矛盾冲突等多彩多姿的艺术手法，取得了巨大的成功．

海明威毕生致力于小说创作，是一位富有独创性的小家。‘老人与海'是海明威晟优秀的小说之一，它曾使作者荣获 1952年度美国普利策奖和 1954年度诺贝尔文学奖。海明威在他的小说创作中，塑造了一系列硬汉性格”。20年代作品中的那些孤独、迷惘的本论文由英语论文网 www.51lunwen.org整理提供主人公．到 30年代以后发展成为坚强不屈的硬汉．而《老人与海》则把硬汉精升华到寓言的高度．其思想内涵与艺术造诣向来脍炙人口在美国文学坐上占有重要地位。 ‘老人与海》叙述的是古巴渔民桑提亚哥出海捕鱼的故事老人接莲 84天没有捕到一条鱼，但他并不灰心丧气第 85天．他照样出海．终于捕纠一条比他的船身迹要长的大马林鱼。可是在扬帆归港途中．一大群鲨鱼围了上米，尽管桑提亚哥奋力拼搏．还是敌不过鲨鱼的凶猛进攻当他到海岸时，马林鱼只剩下一副巨大的骨架。然而，桑挺亚哥没有绝望，他再敬磨利 “矛头．准备重新出海。海前他又梦见了狮子。小说的故事情节极其简单，寓意却十分深刻它告诉人们：人不是生来就是被击败的，人可以被毁灭却不被击败。 (But man is not made for defeat…A man can be destroyed but not be defeated．)集中反映了在困境中积极进取的精神．在绝望中生存的所气，即是说，人，永不言败这一震撼人心，内蕴丰富的主题，是通过老人”的形象塑
造来表达和完成的。作者用小说中坚、自信的老人形豫，热情讴歌了人类不可摧毁的精神力量。综观整部作品，在人物形象塑造上，作者运用了多彩多娶的艺术手法。
一、正面叙述
1954年，瑞典皇家科学院授下海叨威诺贝尔文学奖时曾称赞他精通现代叙事艺术” 在《老人与海》中海明威用高超的正面叙述的手法，简洁叫了地直奔人物性格。作品的第一自然段这样写道：：“He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty—four days now without talking a fish in the first forty days a boy had been with him But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao which is the worst form of unlucky．and the boy had gone at their orders in an other boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to See the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines o r the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast The sail was patched with flour sacks and furled. It looked like the flag of permanent defeat” 孤独的身影寓示着老人内心的孤独．孩子的举止寓示着与老人的亲密关系，失败的旗帜”更寓示着整个作品的悲怆意味利老人与外部力量奋力抗争的悲壮色彩。这段正面叙述，为作本论文由英语论文网 www.51lunwen.org整理提供品故事情节利人物性格的发展起到了很好的铺垫作用。海明威在谈到自己的艺术原则时曾经说：“我想要使读者对他所读的东西觉得是亲身经历的一样．使他产生这样的印象．仿佛这是真正发生过的。《老人与海》中|的许多叙述 (描写)片段，生动地体现了海明威的这种艺术原则。如：“The boy went out. They had eaten with no light on the table and the old man look off his trousers and went to bed in the dark. He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow .putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed.”老人的举动连同“他把裤子卷成扰头”的细节，仿佛电影镜头，具有强烈的艺术质感．体现了劳动者简朴请苦的生活条件与生活习性，同时，字里行间，也生动地凸现了老人憨厚的性格特征。又如：“He no longer dreamed of storms, nor contests of strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach. They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy. He never dreamed about the boy. He simply woke looked out the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on. He urinated outside the shack and them went up the road to wake the boy. He was shivering with the morning cold. But he knew he would shiver himself warm and that soon be would be rowing.”此段叙述先用联袂而来的排比句，颇富酣畅之势。紧接着醒来之后的 “动作链”，清晰明了而又意蕴深厚，本论文由英语论文网 www.51lunwen.org整理提供我们仿佛从中领略到老人孤寂落寞但又并不懈怠的心境与心态。这也许是海叫威创作中的“冰山原理”在艺术手法上的体现：简洁直白的叙述却包含着深长的意味，就像海面上的冰山，只露出一小'部分，而其中之七八的绝大部分却隐藏在海水之下。
二、环境烘托
人总是生活在或活动于具体的环境中的。文学作品的人物当然离不开环境的描写与烘托。《老人与海》采用特殊的生活素材与奇特的艺术构思：老渔民桑提亚哥置身于苍茫的大海．孤身一人与大鱼博斗。这种特殊的素材与奇特的构思决定了环境描写对人物形象的塑造起着重要的烘托作用。事实上，海明威以他天才般的彩笔为我们描绘出一幅幅十分迷人的环境图卷．并以此服务于人物形象的刻画与塑造。如：“Sometimes someone would speak in a boat. But most of the boats were silent except for the clip of the ours. They spread apart after they were out of the mouth of the harbor and each one headed for the