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Chapter Two Literature Review

2.1 Relevant Studies Abroad
Traditionally, listening is mistakenly regarded as a receptive skill. However, according toBuck (1999:95), listening comprehension is a massively parallel interactive process usinginformation from plenty of sources, both linguistic and non-linguistic. Linguistic knowledgein the process of listening is composed of phonological, lexical, syntactic and semanticknowledge while non-linguistic knowledge includes common knowledge, beliefs about theworld, as well as the topic and the context in the process of listening. Nunan (2001:200-201)indicates that this interactive nature of listening lies in the process of listening. In the processof listening, they are considered that the “bottom-up” processing point of view and so called“top-down” interpretation point of view.According to the “bottom-up” processing view, the listener will decode the sounds thathe hears in a linear trend, from the smallest meaningful units or phonemes to the wholelistening material. From this prospective, phonemic units are decoded and linked together toform words; words are linked together to form phrases; phrases are linked together to formutterances; and utterances are linked together to form complete meaningful texts. That is tosay, message is transferred in a linear way with linguistic knowledge first and then comes themeaning itself while listener takes in and stores messages, which is a passive and receptiveprocess.
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2.2 Relevant Studies at Home
Many experts and researchers in China also did some studies of English learners’listening comprehension. Jiang (1994, 2001) first studied the relationship between listeningcomprehension and listening strategies; Chen (1997, 2000) paid much attention to the effectof memory on listening comprehension; Liu (1996), Wang (1999), Li (2002), Ling (2002)studied the listening activity from the psychological and scientific perspective. Li (2002)reviewed research methods, features and areas of English listening comprehension researchesin China over the past ten years. He observed the achievements and weaknesses and putforward a few questions for further study.It is difficult to explain logically how speakers and hearers interact with each other inactual situations without an understanding of the listener’s personality and point of view. Toget a more comprehensive view of listeners and their tasks, socio-cultural and affectivefactors affecting listening, such as attitude, motivation, confidence and anxiety, should becarefully examined.
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Chapter Three Theoretical Basis......... 11
3.1 Affective Filter Hypothesis ..... 11
3.2 Affective factors .... 14
3.3 Listening Strategies ..... 16
Chapter Four An Experimental Study on the Affective .... 19
4.1 Objectives ........ 19
4.2 Participants ...... 19
4.3 Instruments ...... 20
4.4 Procedure ......... 20
4.5 Experiment....... 22
4.6 Data Collection ...... 25
4.7 Reliability and Validity ..... 25
4.8 Data and Analysis........ 26
4.9 Possible Areas for Improvement ......... 35
Chapter Five Result and Discussion .... 37
5.1 Result Analysis ...... 37
5.2 Discussion........ 37
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