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e time of pronunciation among the stressed syllables is the same. The rhyme “reckons the time through syllables”. Furthermore, English belongs to legate sound. The sounds that appear continuously are smooth without any discontinuously. Mastering the rules about pronunciation will help us to understand the relationship between pronunciation and spelling and remembering words will become easier for us. Then, we may deal with the phenomenon mentioned above well.
Ⅲ The impacts made by Chinese on the learning of English pronunciation
In the process of learning English, we often talk about the impacts made by Chinese towards English. In linguistics, these impacts are called the phenomenon of “Transfer”. We call positive impacts are “positive Transfer” and negative impacts “negative Transfer”. In learning English pronunciations, people often can not help associating the knowledge about pronunciations of mother tongue with that of English, taking advantage of the similarities to learn and master English pronunciations. For example, there are similarities between Chinese consonants b, p, d, t, g, k and English consonants /b/ /p/ /d/ /t/ /g/ /k/. This is just the “positive Transfer”. However, the two kinds of phonetics systems are not completely the same. Chinese Pinyin can be considered to be added into the vowels /a：/ or / / on the basis of English pronunciation. Students easily use the pronunciations of mother tongue to replace the consonants. Thus, the difficulties and mistakes of pronunciation appear. The phenomenon of being disturbed by mother tongue is just the “negative transfer” （郑桃云, 也谈英语学习中的负迁移问题，45，with my translation）
3.1 “Negative Transfer” of Chinese to English Consonants
There are many differences between English and Chinese consonants. Some
English consonants don’t exist in Chinese at all, such as /v/ /e/ /θ/ /∫/ / /and /з/. When learning such consonants, students often feel difficult, because they can’t find the counterparts in Chinese. Thus, they often make the following mistakes.
(1) Confounding /n/ with /l/
Many students can’t distinguish between the pronunciation of the nasal consonant /n/ and the Chinese consonant /l/, so they will read “night”/′lait/ and “name” /′leim/. Most students coming from Hubei, Hunan, and Sichuan provinces often make such mistakes. Students don’t know when to make airstream resonance in the nasal cavity/
(2) Confounding /n/ with / /
In Chinese, there are also front nasal sounds and back nasal sounds. However, the place of articulation of Chinese back nasal sounds is different from / /, but it is similar with /n/. For example, “tongue” may be misread as the sound of “疼” ( /′t n /)
(3) No / ∫ / and / /
In Chinese, there are not the sounds of / ∫ /and / /, so Chinese students often use / s / and Chinese character “西” to replace / ∫ / . In fact, they neglect the articulation skill of / ∫ /. When we read / ∫ /, our lips should be rounded; the tip of tongue should be near to alveolus; the body of tongue should be raised to hard palate; airstream should pass through the crack between the hard palate and the alveolus, producing the sound of fricative. As to / /, its articulation skill is basically the same with / ∫ /, but / ∫ / is voiceless consonant while / / is voiced consonant.
(4)Mispronouncing the glottal fricative / h /
Under the influence of Hubei dialects, some students can’t pronounce the sound of / h /. They often misread “who” as /fu:/ and “hat