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1. Introduction
Substitution is the replacement of an item in the Preceding text with a 代写英语语言学论文substitute item. In the perspective of grammar and rhetoric, substitution not only avoids redundancy and repetition but also makes the text concise. The relation between substitute item and what is being substituted facilitates the close connection between parts of a text. Hence, this relation establishes a kind of cohesive link in the text. From the point of view of information structure, substitution makes the new information more prominent. Substitution is not a relation at the semantic level, but a relation in wording rather than in meaning. It expresses the relations between linguistic items, such as words, phrases, or clauses. In terms of the linguistic system, substitution is a relation at the lexical-grammatical level, the level of grammar and vocabulary, or the linguistic form.

In substitution, there is no such identity of meaning. At the level of wording, the grammatical functions of the substitute and what is substituted for are the same. Substitution is a relation between words: a substitute such as“one” replaces another word or phrase, this means that there is no such thing as“situation substitution” to put it more concretely. A verb substitute like “do” cannot refer to anything outside the text, but only to words in the text. On the other hand, substitution is subject to tighter rules than Reference, i.e. in particular, we can normally only use a substitute like“one” in a place where we could have used the original words instead. It would not usually be possible to replace the reference item with the words that it refers back to. Thus we can say the essence of substitution is contrast. That is to say, what is carried over by a substitute is only a form, a word or structural feature, but the meaning of the substitute is contrasted with the presupposed. For example:

[1] A: Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please?
B: Give me the same, please. (Quirk, et al. 1972)

Reference
[1] Austen J. Pride and Prejudice [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1991.
[2] Baker, M. In other words: A Course book on Translation [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
[3] Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
[4] Bassnett, Susan. Constructing Cultures -Essays on Literary Translation [M] . Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Perss, 1980.
[5] Bronte, C. Jane Eyre [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and 英语论文网Research Press, 1993.
[6] Bronte E. Wuthering Heights [M] . Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1994.
[7]Brown, G &Yule, G, Discourse Analysis [M] . Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1983.