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　　1.1 Rationale of the study研究加尔巴原理
　　为人类特有的交际工具，语言组成的不仅是精确的语言，但也是模糊的语言。模糊的语言（Channell，2000年）是指这些表达式是用来反映含糊不清的现实世界和人类认知自然特征。具体而言，模糊语言包含字符的话，其引用在非语言的世界有没有明确的界限As the unique communicative tool for human beings, language is composed of not onlyprecise language but also vague language. Vague language (Channell, 2000) refers to thoseexpressions which are used to reflect vagueness—the natural feature of the real world andhuman cognition. Specifically, vague language contains the general character of words, whosereferences have no clear-cut boundaries in the non-linguistic world;https://www.51lunwen.org/languagethesis/ and their specific meaningare not fixed, but bound to the context. In daily life communication, generally, language userstry to convey their meaning in precise language as much as possible so as not to leadmisunderstanding or be unclear in meaning, while still it can be found that vague expressionsare everywhere, whether unconsciously or deliberately. However, little attention has been paidto the number and frequency of vague expressions. Just as Joanna Channell (2000: 4) states,“most speakers of English are not particularly aware of the frequency of vague language use(until it is pointed out to them)”, and “vagueness in communication is part of ourtaken-for-granted world”.In addition, there is a debate about whether vagueness is a positive or negative sign inlanguage use. Some consider linguistic vagueness as a negative feature, because of itsinadequacy nature; whereas others regard vagueness as positive, such as litterateurs, whoalways need vague expressions to achieve better literary effects, such as creating suspense,grasping readers’ interest, etc., which can be hardly or never realized by precise language. As amatter of fact, there is no fixed criterion for evaluating vagueness, whether good or bad; it liesin language users’ specific needs, namely, appropriateness (Joanna Channell, 1994). There isno lack of instances that appropriate use of vague expressions achieves better effect thanprecise expressions in some specific situations, such as in daily conversations, in politicalspeeches, in legal document, etc. However, there are also some situations in which preciselanguage is irreplaceable, e.g. in scientific reports.Third, ahead of this study, there are lots of researches focusing on the application ofvagueness in many specific language fields, for instances, in daily conversation (Brown &Levison, 1978; He Ziran, 2000; Searle, 2001), in advertisement (Cook, 1996), in translation(Zhu (朱晔，2009)), and so on. Comparatively, relatively limited researches have been centeredon systematic study of vagueness in political speeches.Political speech is made by “the politician, usually on behalf of a certain class, society, orparty, in English to audience on some important matters and relationship at home and abroad”(Lucas, 2006: 53)1. It sets language and wisdom in one. In general, a successful politicalspeech, to some extent, relies much on language, especially the tactful use of vagueness, whichis available for the fulfillment of the orator’s communicative goals, as well as for the avoidanceof unnecessary dispute.Obama is known for being good at speech and manipulation of vagueness all over theworld. Obama’s weekly radio addresses cont本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。