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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 thesis登出时间:2013-07-31编辑:lgg点击率:4552
论文字数:39100论文编号:org201307301600192623语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:$ 66
摘要:言语是一种习惯,和母语的语音习惯通常会影响外语学习。第二语言学习者需要找出他们的母语和外语之间的差异,并形成新的语言习惯。
Chapter Two Literature Review
2.1 Basic concepts
In description and classification of consonants of world’s language, it is pointedout that “consonants are best described in term of their articulation” (Sethi andDhamija 2006). As for English, consonants identification can be covered by three pats:the place of articulation, the manner of articulation and the voicing status (Roach1983: 8; Ladefoged 2001: 112).All English and Chinese consonants are made with egressive lung air, and havethe same kinds of constrictions, that means, the two languages share the same kinds interms of manner of articulation. For a better understanding and comparison, I willclassify the English consonants according to the manner of articulation.There are many types of consonant according to the manner of articulation, butwhat in common is that they obstruct the flow of air through the vocal tract. Some dothis a lot, some not very much. Those which make the maximum obstruction (i.e.plosives, which form a complete stoppage of the airstream) are the most consonantalsounds. Nasal consonants result in complete stoppage of the oral cavity but are lessobstruction than plosives since air is allowed to escape through the nose. Fricativesmake a considerable obstruction to the flow of air, but not a total closure. Lateralsobstruct the flow of air only in the centre of the mouth, not at the sides, so obstruction is slight. Other sounds classed as approximants make so little obstruction to the flowof air that they could almost be thought to be vowels if they were in a differentcontext. An affricate is a type of consonant consisting of a plosive followed by africative with the same place of articulation.
2.2 Acoustic properties of consonants
The sounds of speech are made by changes to air pressures that are caused byairflow through the vocal tract. Our ears can pick up and convert physical movementsin the air into electrical signals that are sent to the brain. It is possible to measure andanalysis the changes of air pressure and understand that there is a connection betweenarticulation and acoustics by using specially-developed computer software. The basictool of acoustic phonetics is acoustic analysis, which is commonly deals with thedistribution of speech sound energy in the acoustic spectrum in terms of intensity andfrequency, and the variations in the distribution with time. There are so manycomputer programs which can analyze sounds and show their components. Praat is one of the softwares for speech signal edition and labeling, as well as for variousacoustic analysis (spectral, formant, pitch, intensity) and prosodic manipulation. PaulBoersma and David Weenink from本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。