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Chapter Three Theoretical Framework.........................15

3.1 Trajector-Landmark Theory...............................15

3.1.1 Langacker’s Trajector-Landmark Theory.........................16

3.1.2 The Central Schema and Elaborations...............................19

Chapter Four Cognitive Semantic Analysis and Comparison of Under and Xia............27

4.1 Cognitive Semantic Analysis of Under.............................27

4.1.1 The Basic Spatial Senses of Under..........................29

4.1.2 The Metaphorical Senses of Under...................................35

Chapter Five Conclusion...............................62

5.1 Findings of the Research.........................62

5.2 Significance of the Research...................................63

5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research..........................64

Chapter Four Cognitive Semantic Analysis andComparison of Under and Xia

4.1 Cognitive Semantic Analysis of Under

First,basic spatial relations like under,on,and in are the first relations that childrencan understand and master when they grasp concepts and learn language,since space isthe basic domain in our conceptualization.Later,as cognition develops,children’sunderstanding of spatial prepositions expands,creating a diversity of language output.In English,under as a preposition belongs to the closed word class,whose form is stableand limited in number,but it is used frequently.Syntactically,under often appears in theposition before or after a noun,forming a prepositional phrase;it can also sometimesappear as an adverb,acting as an adverbial in a sentence.In addition,it can be used as aprefix in word formation to create new words,such as undergo,undertake,undergroundetc.In the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,under has nine senses as apreposition and four senses as an adverb(other uses such as special uses in phrases havebeen omitted),which cover all the basic spatial and metaphorical senses of under.Before starting the analysis of the meanings of under,this chapter will firstly list andshow the relevant dictionary meanings of under one by one as follows,and categorizethem with labels for further analysis.

Chapter Five Conclusion

5.1 Findings of the Research

This study systematically analyzes the semantic distribution of under and xia aslocalizers,and makes a relatively comprehensive cognitive comparative analysis of theirbasic spatial meanings and metaphorical extension meanings.By selecting a largenumber of language materials from COCA and CCL,the study describes and explainsthe semantic development and distribution of the two by using the trajector-landmarktheory and orientational metaphor theory,with the method of combining dictionaryinterpretation and corpus auxiliary examples.The results of the study answered thequestions posed before:1.How does the basic spatial meanings of the English localizerunder and the Chinese localizer 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。