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一般来说,语言的使用分为口语和书面语,后者以前者为基础,但两者在语体上有明显差别。书面语具有不同于口语的语言特征,如比较严谨、准确等。由于使用范围、目的、形式上的差别,书面语又可以分为若干类,如科学语体、文学语体、政论语体等。学术论文属于科学语体,是科学工作者用来记录学术积累、展示科研成果,使之得到社会承认并广为传播的有效手段。这种以学术交流为目的而使用的语言,是“一种限定的语言,服务于限定领域的经验和行为,这种语言有其自身的语法和词汇特征”(Firth, 1957)。因此,其语言使用的特点也正如有的语言学家很早就指出的那样:“句子长,多用复杂的名词和形容词短语,多用非限定的从句和短语、不定式,多用‘to be’句型、条件句、主语从句、被动语态等”(Barber,1962)。这些不同的语言特点,构成了科学文体的基本特征。

在审读有关专业论文时,我们发现“语体感”不强是一个明显的失误———书面论文中的口语体较多,书面体与口语体混用的现象比较普遍。

例1　In this paper, we have given a reason that is why the competitive ability of the national firms is weak. Because the non-national firms can get very cheap labor, under the same technical and economical conditions and the same cost, a non-national firm can produce more output than a national firm does, so it can gain much more profit. In this way, the competitive ability of the non-national firm is stronger than the national firm...

这段文字的表意是清楚的,也没有语法错误,但话段中的画线部分we have given a reason that is why ..., Because ..., get, so, In this way等串连使用,在论文中明显口语体味重。又如:

例2　This paper will explore the analytical components and anomalies of admiralty jurisdiction as it relates to marine insurance and will conjugate, if you will, the‘irregular verb’that constitutes admiralty jurisdiction of marine insurance contracts. I think, admiralty jurisdiction should include all maritime contracts. My study has confirmed the saying that ...

这段文字同样较为通顺,但其中也有语体不够一致的地方,特别是在严谨、庄重的书面表达中,突然插入if you will, I think, my study, the saying...等这类比较口语化的词语,便造成两种不同语体的混用。

用词正式、词义专一是学术论文准确表达的需要,也是科学论文书面语体与口语语体的区别之一。而在有些专业论文中,我们却看到如下句子:

例3　...But by the experiment they found out that it is made of two important gases and very small a mounts of others.

例4　A reservoir is nearly always higher than the town to which it sends the water, so that gravity gives the push which carries the water through pipes to houses.

例3画线部分中的found out可以理解为“发现”,还可以理解为“找出”,甚至“查明”;而“is made of”可以理解为“由……构成”,也可以理解为“用……制造”,因此可能造成歧义。一般来说,在“日常英语”中,由“动词+副词/介词”构成的短语动词比比皆是,如come off, do for, make up等,这类短语动词往往不止一种含义,而且常常难以确定。在这类情况下,写专业论文时往往要用意义比较明确的单个动词来代替,如用absorb表示take in,用discover表示find out。究其原因,一是这种动词词义更确切,如用observe表示“观察”,比用look at更严密。

二是这种动词较为“正式”,适用于增加学术气氛,如transmit比pass on更适合表达“传输”这个概念。三是这种动词简洁,用起来方便,有时可以代表一连串词的意思,如reciprocate(往复运动)等于move backwards and forwards in a straight line。例4中的划线部分虽能表达清楚,但用词不太正式,学术味似嫌不足。

根据上述分析和科学论文的语体要求,例3可

改为:But by the experiment it was discovered that it consists of two important gases and very small amounts of others.例4可改为:Are servoir is nearly always higher thanthe town to which it sends the water, so that the gravity provides the pressure which transports the water through pipes to houses.

句式的平衡和多样会增加英语论文的可读性,但句型单调、语句失衡的情形在英语论文中却颇为常见。如(小括号内是句子顺序的编号):

例5　(1) Computerized system can operate in one of three modes. (2) The operating modes are batch processing, remote batch processing, and time-share processing. (3) Conventional batch processing met all but one of the design requirements. (4) The exception was accessibility. (5) Batch processing could not provide output to diversified, remote locations in a timely manner. (6) Remote batch processing, as the name implies, 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。